今日の英語ニュース☆2023.11.01☆時事英語・ニュース英語を極める
このnoteの目的は、アメリカのニュース番組が理解出来るようになる方法を伝えることです。その方法とは、英語字幕を読みながら英語ニュースを毎日見続けること。 こんな感じです（サンプルのスクリーンショット）。
使う教材は、上のリンクの動画です。
アメリカの公共放送PBSのニュース番組で、質の高い報道に定評がありますが、残念なことに、字幕に誤りがかなり含まれていることがあります。番組がアメリカで放送されてから約２時間で最終版の字幕がアップロードされますので、時間的制約を考えれば誤りは仕方がないことかもしれません。
しかし、英語学習者の場合、字幕に誤りがあると、変だと思っても、それが本当に間違いなのか分からないことがあると思います。あるいは、間違いに気付かないこともあるかもしれません。ですから、正確な字幕が必要です。
そこで、約１時間の番組ですが、英語音声をすべて聞いて、字幕の明らかな誤りを訂正したものをダウンロードできるようにしています（少し下にあります）。この字幕ファイルと動画をダウンロードして再生ソフトで使ってください（上のスクリーンショット動画のように再生できます。英語が速すぎる場合は、あまりおすすめしませんが、再生速度の調節もできます）。
また、このnoteや字幕ファイルでは、辞書を調べても分からないような英語表現を説明しています（辞書を引けば分かる言葉は、自分で調べてください）。辞書に載ってないような表現、辞書にあっても意味がたくさんありすぎてどれなのか分からない言葉、文脈の中で特殊な使われ方をしている言葉、背景の知識がないと分からない部分、ニュース英語や時事英語の独特な表現、知っていると訳に立ちそうな表現などを説明しています（書き加えた説明は[* ……] ）。
それでは、今日も一緒に英語のニュースを見ていきましょう！
■ 英語字幕ファイルのダウンロード
[PBS NewsHour Oct. 31, 2023] の字幕ファイルのダウンロード
（この字幕ファイルはテキストエディタ（windowsの「メモ帳」など）で開くことも出来ますが、下の「字幕ファイルの使い方」のように再生ソフト（無料）で使うことをおすすめします。こんな感じに表示されます。）ブラウザーによってダウンロードがブロックされる場合ば、下のテキストファイルをダウンロードして拡張子.txtを .lrcに変更して使ってください(例えば、Chromeは、.lrcのようなあまり使われない拡張子のファイルを危険と判断することがあるようです)。
■ 動画サイトへのリンク
・直接動画サイトを見る場合のリンクです(リンク先字幕の誤りは元のまま)
・分からない言葉はこの２つの辞書でたいてい見つかると思います
・上の字幕ファイルには、約１時間の番組の全字幕と語句説明があります
・以下はサンプル程度です
[00:00] Introduction
[02:45]★今日のおすすめ★ Israeli airstrike hits refugee camp in northern Gaza, killing and wounding civilians
For a fifth day, Israel's military pushed into Gaza on the ground and reported its first soldiers killed in action there. From the skies, a punishing air campaign continued with a strike that killed many Palestinians. Hamas militants said they would release foreign hostages in the coming days, and some wounded Palestinians may soon be allowed into Egypt for treatment. Leila Molana-Allen reports.
《イスラエルとハマスの戦い２５日目; Israeli tanks line the border with Lebanon, trading fire with Hezbollah and other militant groups. Israel shot down drones and missiles launched from Yemen by Houthi militants. The Iranian-backed group said their attacks will continue until Israel stands down; ●ガザでの地上戦と周辺国への戦争拡大の可能性について軍事専門家に聞く; Frank McKenzie, former Commander of U.S. forces in the Middle East, retired general, now executive director of the Global and National Security Institute at the University of South Florida; underneath, there's a sewer system. Then, underneath that, there's a comprehensive tunnel system that Hamas has put in over many years of preparation for just this moment; I think we need to consider this in terms of months. I don't believe it'll be days. I don't believe it'll be weeks; We think of the hostages, the 200 or so hostages there, as shields. But, actually it's far more than that. The population of Gaza is actually a shield for Hamas; Hamas has chosen as a matter of policy to embed their organization into hospitals, into mosques, into schools, and into high-density population areas. That is a fundamental tactic of Hamas; The Pentagon's top special operations policy official said today that American commandos on the ground in Israel are helping locate the more than 200 hostages seized by Hamas on October 7; It's my personal judgment that Hezbollah doesn't really care about the suffering that's going on in Gaza, and that will not prompt them to enter. Hezbollah will enter if they see a strategic opportunity, and that would be if Israel gets heavily bogged down in Gaza, if there's political fractures in the Israeli government, if they sense the international political mood is such that they might be able to gain a strategic objectives. Hassan Nasrallah will make a very strategic, very cold-eyed calculation on that; I think it's far from certain that Hezbollah will come in; possibly the same thing for the Iranians, although I would note their continued attack against U.S. forces in Iraq and Syria is very concerning; ハサン・ナスルッラーフ》
[12:42] GEOFF BENNETT: On the potential for escalation, what's the decision matrix for Hezbollah in getting involved in this war?
[** decision matrix = an arrangement of data in rows and columns, used to help someone make a decision by comparing different possibilities according to particular standards (Cambridge Dictionary) ]
[12:50] GEN. FRANK MCKENZIE: It's my personal judgment that Hezbollah doesn't really care about the suffering that's going on in Gaza, and that will not prompt them to enter. Hezbollah will enter if they see a strategic opportunity, and that would be if Israel gets heavily bogged down in Gaza, if there's political fractures in the Israeli government, if they sense the international political mood is such that they might be able to gain a strategic objective. But Hassan Nasrallah will make a very strategic, very cold-eyed calculation on that.
[** Hassan Nasrallah (... born 31 August 1960) is a Lebanese Muslim cleric and political leader who has served as the 3rd secretary-general of Hezbollah...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah ( Wikipediaの右上のlanguagesに日本語のページへのリンクもあります ) ]
[14:42] News Wrap
Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas confirmed a rise in hate towards Arab Americans, Muslims and Jews in the wake of the Israel-Hamas war, the Biden Administration is deepening its crackdown on so-called junk fees by proposing new rules on retirement advisers and Afghan refugees are fleeing Pakistan ahead of a crackdown on migrants living there illegally.
《When you look at a group (= Jewish Americans) that makes up 2.4 percent, roughly, of the American population, it should be jarring to everyone that that same population accounts for something like 60 percent of all religious-based hate crimes. And so they need our help; The Senate also confirmed Jack Lew to be the next U.S. ambassador to Israel at a critical moment in the country's war with Hamas. Lew previously served as Treasury secretary under President Obama. The U.S. hasn't had a Senate-confirmed ambassador to Israel since July; Michigan's attorney general has ended prosecutions over Flint's tainted water without making any criminal convictions; In 2014, the city switched its water supply to the Flint River, but didn't properly treat the water for lead. Tens of thousands of Flint residents were exposed to dangerous levels of lead; A record 6.9 million people have been uprooted by the decades-long conflict in Congo... Most of those who've been displaced come from Congo's eastern provinces taken over by armed groups seeking natural resources; 》
[19:14]★今日のおすすめ★ Supreme Court takes on cases involving public officials blocking social media followers
The Supreme Court heard arguments in two key cases about how public officials use social media. The cases explore whether two school board members in California and a city manager in Michigan violated the First Amendment by blocking constituents from posting criticism on their personal social media pages. Geoff Bennett discussed the stakes with NewsHour Supreme Court analyst Marcia Coyle.
《連邦最高裁審理; 公職についている人が、自身のプライベートのSNSアカウントで、批判的なコメントをする人をブロックするのは言論の自由の侵害になるか; Marcia Coyle; The constituents in the cases believe these social media pages were actually operating as an extension of government work; the challenge here for the justices is to determine how can you know when a public official is speaking in his or her official capacity or personal capacity on their personal web pages; if it's in the official capacity, what we call a state actor, then the First Amendment kicks in. And that public official could be held liable for violating the rights of someone who may have been blocked; in the one case, there's James Freed. He's the city manager in Port Huron, Michigan. He has this personal Facebook page where he mostly posted about his family, but he also during the pandemic would post about COVID and other city-related matters. And he blocked from his Facebook page a man named Kevin Lindke after Lindke posted criticism of the ways in which Freed was handling the pandemic; during the three hours, there were lots of hypotheticals about what kind of posts on a social media page could constitute either private speech or official speech; the public officials really want a clearly defined, kind of rigid test that says, basically, if you are fulfilling a duty on your personal Web page, or you are demonstrating authority, then you are state action, and the First Amendment will apply; the individuals who are blocked, their lawyers were telling the court, no, that's too narrow a test. And we think you need a broader test. One lawyer described it as, are you doing your job test, which looks at the content of the page, the appearance of the page, and the function that the public official serves; ultimately, Justice Kagan sort of hit the nail on the head on what the justices were facing. She said, what makes these cases hard is that there are First Amendment interests on both sides; They have three more cases ( on social media ) that they're going to be looking at, probably hearing arguments in the new year; 》
[21:59] There was even mention of Donald Trump, and even Taylor Swift entered the conversation.
GEOFF BENNETT: Because Donald Trump, when he was president, he blocked people.
MARCIA COYLE: Absolutely, on Twitter, which is now known as X.
GEOFF BENNETT: On Twitter. MARCIA COYLE: But his case ultimately was mooted out because he was no longer president.
[** to moot = To render (a subject or issue) irrelevant // out = (adv) used to indicate a goal or object achieved at the end of the action specified by the verb. すっかり、完全に ]
[25:17] Police scrutinized after revelations Maine shooter's family flagged his behavior
Lewiston, Maine, is in mourning after last week’s shooting that killed 18 people. Along with the grief, there’s growing scrutiny about why law enforcement didn't find or stop Robert Card before the shooting. Friends, family and the Army Reserve all reported concerns about his behavior and access to guns months before the shooting. Laura Barron-Lopez discussed more with Margaret Groban.
《メイン州の銃乱射事件。多くの兆候があったのに、警察はなぜ防げなかったのか; 今後の改善点は; Robert Card容疑者; Margaret Groban, a retired federal prosecutor and law professor at University of Maine School of Law; under Maine's yellow flag law, the person has to be taken into protective custody in order for the procedure to start to then get a mental health assessment and then go to the judge, unlike in states, many states, that have red flag laws, where the family could go directly to the court and ask for an intervention or relinquishment of the firearm; So, they didn't find Mr. Card, so they couldn't take him into protective custody and get the procedure started. So I think a procedure that didn't require those steps would be beneficial for our state going forward; Absent the assault weapon, there would not have been a mass shooting. We do not have an assault weapon ban in Maine, and it was easy for him to obtain those weapons; In order to get the yellow flag laws, I said first law enforcement must be called. They must take a person into protective custody, which means putting them in the back of a patrol car, which can be an extremely difficult and dangerous situation for law enforcement. Then they have to get a mental health assessment which shows that person is a danger to themselves or others. And then they have to go to the court to get the court to determine whether or not that person is a danger to themselves or others. So, it's a three-step process, while, in red flag states, all you have is a one-step process; 》
[28:26] LAURA BARRON-LOPEZ: And so law enforcement appeared to try to find Robert Card prior to the mass shooting, but didn't. And then they dropped their alert on him. Is that a breakdown of procedures under Maine's yellow flag law? [** yellow flag law についてと、red flag lawとの違いについて説明している部分 // 先日の番組でも説明がありました ]
MARGARET GROBAN: Well, under Maine's yellow flag law -- I'm glad you raised that -- the person has to be taken into protective custody in order for the procedure to start to then get a mental health assessment and then go to the judge, unlike in states, many states, that have red flag laws, where the family could go directly to the court and ask for an intervention or relinquishment of the firearm.
[32:06] Rethinking College: Students protest West Virginia Univ. budget cuts targeting academic programs and jobs
West Virginia University made headlines in the world of higher education this year when it announced it was making major cuts to some academic programs and faculty. There's concern about whether other public universities may follow suit. Special correspondent Hari Sreenivasan has reports for our series, Rethinking College.
《ウェストバージニア大学が学科や教員を大幅削減; 他の公立大学も追随するのか; Hari Sreenivasan; Gordon Gee, West Virginia University president; On the chopping block, almost 8 percent of its majors and up to 5 percent of its faculty positions. Among the majors eliminated, biometric engineering and almost all foreign languages; you're looking at cutting, I want to say, 32 majors, 169 faculty; due to retirements and a variety of other things, it's going to be about 70 faculty. We will still be one of the most comprehensive, robust universities in the country with well over 300 majors; Last year, West Virginia lawmakers changed how public colleges and universities are funded in the state, giving priority to majors in engineering, education, and information technology; the West Virginia United Students Union founded this July as a direct result of the cuts; other land-grant universities, like Texas A&M and the University of Utah, are making similar changes; ; ランドグラント大学》
[33:43] HARI SREENIVASAN: President Gee first ran the land-grant university from 1981 to 1985. Under the Morrill Act of 1882, states were given federally controlled land to create colleges. They offered research and educational opportunities to people in the state, especially those in rural areas. Over time, many of the original schools became large public universities, like West Virginia.
[** land-grant university = A land-grant university (also called land-grant college or land-grant institution) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. Signed by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, the first Morrill Act began to fund educational institutions by granting federally controlled land to the states for them to sell, to raise funds, to establish and endow "land-grant" colleges.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_university ( Wikipediaの右上のlanguagesに日本語のページへのリンクもあります ) ]
[41:17]★今日のおすすめ★ Alabama jail accused of mistreating pregnant detainees, putting unborn children at risk
A new federal civil rights lawsuit is raising concerns about the treatment of pregnant detainees at an Alabama jail and the potential harm to their unborn children whom the law claims to protect. Stephanie Sy reports.
《覚醒剤陽性反応の妊婦を拘置所へ; シャワー室で出産、大量出血; 胎児を守るための措置が胎児を危険にさらす結果に; Dana Sussman, deputy executive director for Pregnancy Justice; Ashley Caswell was arrested in March 2021 after law enforcement said she'd tested positive for methamphetamines. She was two months' pregnant. The rest of her pregnancy was spent at Etowah County Detention Center in Alabama, where she says she gave birth in a jail shower without any medical help; A lawsuit filed by the advocacy group Pregnancy Justice alleges that, leading up to the birth, Caswell was denied regular access to prenatal visits, forced to sleep on a thin mat on a concrete floor. And during 12 hours of labor, the suit says staff gave her only Tylenol for pain; 》
[45:29] STEPHANIE SY: Following reporting from al.com on this, the jail said last year it no longer detains pregnant women awaiting trial on these endangerment laws.
[** endangerment law < chemical endangerment = Chemical endangerment is the crime of exposing a child to a controlled substance or an environment in which it is produced. It was added to the Alabama legal code in 2006, with the intention of protecting children from methamphetamine laboratories. Since then, it has been used to prosecute women who give birth to children that test positive for harmful drugs and also THC, the active ingredient in marijuana...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_endangerment ]
[47:25] Author Viet Thanh Nguyen's new memoir reflects on family's experience of war and exile
The Vietnamese-born, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Viet Thanh Nguyen has long written on themes of war, refugees and exile. He covers those directly and personally in a new memoir about his own family’s experience, "A Man of Two Faces." Jeffrey Brown spoke with Nguyen for our arts and culture series, CANVAS.
《作家Viet Thanh Nguyenの新刊回顧録『A Man of Two Faces』; 著者へのインタビュー; 新刊本; ヴィエット・タン・グエン》
[54:40] JEFFREY BROWN: The memoir "A Man of Two Faces" was longlisted for this year's National Book Award.
[** to longlist < longlist (名詞) = A list of items or candidates that have been selected for consideration, as for an award, before being reduced to a shortlist.]
■ おすすめの辞書（時事英語やニュース英語に強い辞書）
■ 英語のラジオを聞く（BGM代わりにCNNやBBC）
■ 英語のテレビを見る（NBC News ・ ABC News）
■ セサミストリートで英語を楽しむ
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