今日の英語ニュース☆2023.07.01☆時事英語・ニュース英語を極める
このnoteの目的は、アメリカのニュース番組が理解出来るようになる方法を伝えることです。その方法とは、英語字幕を読みながら英語ニュースを毎日見続けること。 こんな感じです（サンプルのスクリーンショット）。
使う教材は、上のリンクの動画です。
アメリカの公共放送PBSのニュース番組で、質の高い報道に定評がありますが、残念なことに、字幕に誤りがかなり含まれていることがあります。番組がアメリカで放送されてから約２時間で最終版の字幕がアップロードされますので、時間的制約を考えれば誤りは仕方がないことかもしれません。
しかし、英語学習者の場合、字幕に誤りがあると、変だと思っても、それが本当に間違いなのか分からないことがあると思います。あるいは、間違いに気付かないこともあるかもしれません。ですから、正確な字幕が必要です。
そこで、約１時間の番組ですが、英語音声をすべて聞いて、字幕の明らかな誤りを訂正したものをダウンロードできるようにしています（少し下にあります）。この字幕ファイルと動画をダウンロードして再生ソフトで使ってください（上のスクリーンショット動画のように再生できます。英語が速すぎる場合は、あまりおすすめしませんが、再生速度の調節もできます）。
また、このnoteや字幕ファイルでは、辞書を調べても分からないような英語表現を説明しています（辞書を引けば分かる言葉は、自分で調べてください）。辞書に載ってないような表現、辞書にあっても意味がたくさんありすぎてどれなのか分からない言葉、文脈の中で特殊な使われ方をしている言葉、背景の知識がないと分からない部分、ニュース英語や時事英語の独特な表現、知っていると訳に立ちそうな表現などを説明しています（書き加えた説明は[* ……] ）。
それでは、今日も一緒に英語のニュースを見ていきましょう！
■ 英語字幕ファイルのダウンロード
[PBS NewsHour June 30, 2023] の字幕ファイルのダウンロード
（この字幕ファイルはテキストエディタ（windowsの「メモ帳」など）で開くことも出来ますが、下の「字幕ファイルの使い方」のように再生ソフト（無料）で使うことをおすすめします。こんな感じに表示されます。）
■ 動画サイトへのリンク
・直接動画サイトを見る場合のリンクです(リンク先字幕の誤りは元のまま)
・分からない言葉はこの２つの辞書でたいてい見つかると思います
・上の字幕ファイルに多くの語句の説明(今日は２５件くらい)があります
[00:00] 今日の番組内容
[01:52]★今日のおすすめ★ 連邦最高裁判決 ①バイデン政権の学生ローン返済免除政策は違憲 ②同性カップルの結婚式ウェブサイトをウェブサイト・デザイナーが製作拒否するのは合憲／最高裁アナリストのMarcia Coyleの解説を聞いたあと①の判決について考える／The Washington Post紙で大学教育の経済側面を取材しているDanielle Douglas-Gabriel記者に聞く／バイデン政権の代替案とは／返済免除に賛成派(Student Borrower Protection CenterのMike Pierce)・反対派(Committee for a Responsible Federal BudgetのMarc Goldwein)の判決への反応
[03:03] MARCIA COYLE: OK, first, it was the chief justice who wrote the majority opinion. He looked at what authority the secretary of education had under the HEROES Act [** = Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions Act. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEROES_Act ] to waive or modify student loan provisions.
[03:38] And that, he said, triggered what the court has called the major questions doctrine. [** この直後に説明がある。see also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_questions_doctrine ] If there is a federal regulation that has vast economic or political significance, then there has to be clear authorization from Congress. And he said that was not here.
[04:15] You have two very different views of what public accommodation laws, which are really anti-discrimination laws in the marketplace of public goods and services, what they do. [** public accommodation = In United States law, public accommodations are generally defined as facilities, whether publicly or privately owned, that are used by the public at large. Examples include retail stores, rental establishments, and service establishments as well as educational institutions, recreational facilities, and service centers (wikipedia) ]
[07:12] DANIELLE DOUGLAS-GABRIEL: So the president initiated today what's known as the negotiated rulemaking process [** この直後に説明がある。 see also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiated_rulemaking ] , whereby the Education Department convenes a committee of legal experts, as well as higher education experts, to weigh in on a draft regulation that would essentially try to achieve exactly what the president did through his executive order, but through a more proven and, I guess, possibly less challengeable [** chellengeable = able to be challenged or disputed // less challengeable = 異議を申し立てにくい。(この文脈では)違憲であると裁判で訴えられにくい ] legal -- legal route.
[12:20]★今日のおすすめ★ ②の判決について考える／LGBTQ+の話題を扱うThe 19th Newsの記者Kate Sosinに聞く／表現に関することに限定した今回の判決が、拡大解釈される恐れはないか／LGBTQ+の権利を巡る政治と国民の乖離／５年前のウェディングケーキ裁判との違い
[18:05] KATE SOSIN: Yes, that other case was similar, in that you had a baker who said that his custom [* = made according to personal order ] cakes amounted to art and he did not want to make a custom cake for a same-sex couple who wanted to get married [** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission ] .
[19:13] 今日のその他の主要ニュース
[20:50] EMMANUEL MACRON, French President (through translator): We have started taking measures, in coordination with these platforms [** platform = digital platform = a software system used to provide online services to clients, such as social media, e-commerce (wiktionary). (この文脈では)ネット上の会話や交流の場としてのFacebookやTwitterなどのこと ] , to remove the most sensitive content.
[23:12] And actor Alan Arkin died Thursday at his home in Carlsbad, California. He started his career back in 1961 on Broadway and won a Tony Award two years later. Arkin went on to appear in more than 100 movies. In 2007, he earned an Oscar for his role as an uninhibited [** = expressing one's feelings or thoughts unselfconsciously and without restraint ] , yet supportive grandfather in "Little Miss Sunshine.:
[24:29] 国務省報告書 アフガニスタン撤退時の混乱の原因／Washington Post紙の国家安全保障担当記者のMichael Birnbaumに聞く
[30:42] 大学入学者選考で積極的差別是正措置は違憲とする昨日の最高裁判決／学生の人種的多様性を大学はどう確保するか／大学教育の取材を続けている作家で『Who Gets In and Why: A Year Inside College Admissions』の著作があるJeff Selingoに聞く
[31:30] You spent for your last book a sort of under-the-hood [** under the hood = in its internal workings. もともとは、車のボンネットの下という意味。表からは分からない内部の仕組み、という意味 ] look with admissions officers that how they go about their jobs.
[34:57] And the students who are accepted are accepted for a variety of reasons. We have athletes. We have legacies [** legacy admissionsのこと。大学卒業生の子息を優遇して入学させること。以前の番組で詳しく取り上げています ] , of course, that are accepted to many of these places.
[36:32] 共和党主導州で人種やLGBTQの権利を教育現場から排除する動き／その背後の組織Moms for Libertyがフィラデルフィアで年次総会／大統領選の共和党候補者が演説／VICE NewsのDavid Gilbert記者に聞く／Moms for Libertyの起源、拡大、戦術 極右団体との関係／２０２４年選挙への影響
[38:45] But you very quickly realize when you start looking into them that what they actually are is this Astroturf [** = the disguising of an orchestrated campaign as a "grass-roots" event – i.e., a spontaneous upwelling of public opinion. AstroTurfはもともと人工芝の商標で、grassroots(草の根（運動）)に対して、人為的に作り出したニセの運動を指すようになった ] movement backed by senior figures within the Republican Party and right-wing conservative groups, and they have been able to leverage those connections to give themselves this national platform almost instantaneously.
[43:29]★今日のおすすめ★ 金曜恒例：２人の政治アナリストと今週を振り返る
[50:59] The tone that these justices are using against each other is -- was introduced by Scalia years ago, and it's a brutalized and often very personalizing tone they're using with each other. And that, to me, does undermine the credibility of the court. They really look like cage fighters [** cage fighter = a person who takes part in a form of mixed martial arts (= a sport involving many different types of fighting) in which two people fight against each other in an area surrounded by bars or wire ] at this point, and that's -- they can render their decisions, but do it in a way that feels legalistic and prudent.
[51:49] We're talking about dissents that are thundering against a court that is going against stare decisis [** = (law) the principle of following judicial precedent 先例拘束の原則 ] , that is stripping rights away from people that they have come to rely on, Roe v. Wade, 50 years, affirmative action, almost 50 years.
[52:07] And Justice Thomas last year in the Dobbs decision signaled that Griswold, Lawrence, and Obergefell should also be overturned.
[** Griswold = Griswold v. Connecticut = a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects the liberty of married couples to buy and use contraceptives without government restriction ]
[** Lawrence = Lawrence v. Texas = a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that most sanctions of criminal punishment for consensual, adult non-procreative sexual activity (commonly referred to as sodomy laws) are unconstitutional... ]
[** Obergefell = Obergefell v. Hodges = a landmark case of the Supreme Court of the United States which ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution... (wiktionary) ]
[52:14] So, if Justices Soto -- Justice Sotomayor and Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson and the other liberals on the court want to thunder against the 6-3 -- the six conservative justices, you know what, have at it [** = do something with energy and enthusiasm] , because that's the voice of a lot of -- millions of Americans who are right now, tonight, as we're speaking, fearful of what other rights are going to go by the wayside [* to go by the wayside = to be discarded, ignored, rejected ] .
[53:03] DAVID BROOKS: Yes, I mean, the misery index [** = 窮状指数:失業率と物価インフレ率を加え合わせた指数で,一国の経済状態の困難度を示す非公式な指標(ランダムハウス)。困窮指数] measures how well the economy is doing, and, usually, presidents win if the economy is doing pretty well.