๐ Politics and the English Language
โ โ โ โ โ
ไบบ้ใฏ่จ่ใฎ็ใ็ฉใ ใๆๅญใๆ่ฉฑใๅซใใ่จ่ใชใใงใฏ็ใใฆใใใชใใใใใฏ้ฒๅใฎ้ไธใงใ็ด็ซไบ่ถณๆญฉ่กใๅงใใ็ซใ้ๅ ทใฎไฝฟใๆนใ่ฆใใ ใใใฆ่จ่ชใ็ฒๅพใใใใใฆๆๆใ่ตทใใใ็บ้ใใใฆใใใๅใใฏใณใใฅใใฑใผใทใงใณใฎๆๆฎตใจใใฆ่จ่ใ็จใใใฎใ ใใใฉใใณใใฅใใฑใผใทใงใณใใผใซใซไปใชใใชใใฏใใฎ่จ่ใใใใฐใใฐใณใใฅใใฑใผใทใงใณใซๆฏ้ใใใใใใจใใใใ
by George Orwell
1984 ใ Animal Farm ใจใใฃใใ็คพไผๆ ๅขใฎ่กๆซใๆกใใ่ญฆ็ฌใ้ณดใใใใใชไฝๅใๆฎใใ George Orwell ใฏใใใฎ๏ผ๏ผใใผใธใปใฉใฎใจใใปใคใงใ็คพไผใซ่ๅปถใใ่จ่ใฎไนฑใใๆน่ฉใใๆ็ซ ใจใฏใใใใในใใจใใ่ซใๆ่จใใฆใใใ
ใจใใใงๅใฏใใใใใใชๅใใใใใฏใๅใใจๅผในใใฎใๆชใใใปใฉใซใใใใใฆ็ดฐใ ใจ็ถใใฆใใใใใฎๅใใใตใผใในใใๅใไฝใ่ฉฑใใใใใงใใชใใฎใซใใใ ใใใฎใใจๅฝขๅฎนใใไบบใๅฐใชใใใใใฆใใใฎๅบฆใซใๅ่ช่บซใซใฏใใใชใคใใใฏใชใใฎใซใใจๅฐๆใใใใใ่จใฃใฆใใใฐ็ไปใใจใใ่ใใชใฎใใชใใจ็ๅฟๆ้ฌผใซใชใฃใใๅใใ้ใใใณใใฅใใฑใผใทใงใณใใใใใ ใใใฎใใจใใ่จ่ใซใใฃใฆ้ฎๆญใใใใใใชๆ่ฆใๅณใใฃใใ
ใชใผใฆใงใซใฏๆฌๆธใงใๅท็ญๅฝๆใฎๅฝผใใๆชๆใใจ่ฆๅใใๆ็ซ ใไพใซๆใใชใใใๆฑบใพใๆๅฅใฎไฝฟ็จใธใฎ่ชๆใฏใใๆ่ปฝใช็นๅน่ฌใฎๆงใชใใฎใ ใจๅ็ ดใใๅ ทไฝๆงใใใๆฝ่ฑกๆงใๅฅฝใใงๆฏๅฉใๆๅฉใใใใใจ็จใใ้ขจๆฝฎใฏใๆๆฐใชๆ่ใๅฆจใใใใฎใ ใจ็็ใซๆนๅคใใใ
ใกใใฃใจ่จใ้ใใงใฏใชใใใจใใๆฐใฏใใใไธ่ฆ้ณ่ ใชๆฑบใพใๆๅฅใๆฌ่ณชใๆใใฆใใใใจใใใใใใใใจใใใใใชๆฏๅฉ่กจ็พใซๅบไผใใๆๅใใใใจใใใใใใใงใใชใใไธ็จๆใช่จ่ใฎๆฟซ็จใฏใ้ๅพณ็ใช้ๅปใงใใๆ่ใฎๅ ่ฝใงใใใจใใๅฝผใฎ่ซใซใฏ้ ทใใใใๅพใชใใ้ ทใใซๅๅใชใๅใชใใฎ็ต้จใใใใ
ใใฎใจใใปใคใงใชใผใฆใงใซใๆๅฑใใใๆ็ญใซใใใ๏ผใฎใซใผใซใฏใๆธใๆใฎๆๆใจใใฆใไปใชใๅบใๆก็จใใใฆใใใใใ ใ
Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.
ๅฐๅท็ฉใง่ฆๆ ฃใใๆๅฉใ็ดๅฉใใใฎไปใฎๆฏๅฉ็่กจ็พใไฝฟใฃใฆใฏใชใใชใใNever use a long word where a short one will do.
็ญใ่จ่ใงไบ่ถณใใใฎใซใ้ทใ่จ่ใไฝฟใฃใฆใฏใชใใชใใIf it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.
่จ่ใๅใไฝๅฐใใใใฎใงใใใฐใ่ฟทใใๅใใใจใNever use the passive where you can use the active.
่ฝๅๆ ใไฝฟใใๆใซใๅๅๆ ใไฝฟใฃใฆใฏใชใใชใใNever use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
็ธๅฝใใๆฅๅธธ็ใช่ฑ่ชใๆใไปใใฎใซใๅคๅฝ่ชใๅญฆ่ก็จ่ชใๅฐ้็จ่ชใไฝฟใฃใฆใฏใชใใชใใBreak any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.
ใใใใใพใซ้่ฎใชๆ็ซ ใๆธใใใใใชใใใใใใฎ่ฆๅใฎใใกใฉใใ็ ดใฃใฆใๆงใใชใใ
ใใใใฃใๅ ทไฝ็ใชๆๅฐใฏใๆ็ซ ใ็ถดใ่บซใซใฏใใกใใใใใใใใใฎใ ใใใฉใๅ่ช่บซใไธ็ช่ธใซๆฎใฃใใฎใฏใใซใผใซใ่จญใใๆ นๆ ใจใใฆ็คบใใใๆฌกใฎ้จๅใ ใ
What is above all needed is to let the meaning choose the word, and not the other way around. In prose, the worst thing one can do with is surrender to them. When you think of a concrete object, you think wordlessly, and then, if you want to describe the thing you have been visualising you probably hunt about until you find the exact words that seem to fit it. When you think of something abstract you are more inclined to use words from the start, and unless you make a conscious effort to prevent it, the existing dialect will come rushing in and do the job for you, at the expense of blurring or even changing your meaning. Probably it is better to put off using words as long as possible and get oneโs meaning as clear as one can through pictures and sensations.
ไฝใซใๅขใใฆๅฟ ่ฆใจใใใใฎใฏใ็ๆใ่จ่ใ้ธใถใใจใงใใใใใฎ้ใงใฏใชใใๆ็ญใซใใใฆๆๆชใชใฎใฏใ่จ่ใซๅนณไผใใฆใใพใใใจใ ใ็ฉไบใๆ็ขบใซๆใๆใใฆใใใชใใๅ ใซ่จ่ใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใๆใๆใใฆใใใใฎใใใใใใใ่กจ็พใใใใจ่ใใใใฎใใใซใตใใใใ้ฉๅใช่จ่ใๆขใใจใใ้ ใง่ใใฆใใใฏใใๆๆงใซใใ่ใใฆใใชใใจใใซใฏใ็ซฏใใ่จ่ใง็ไปใใ่ชๆใซ้งใใใๆ่ญ็ใซใใใๅ้ฟใใใใจใใชใ้ใใ้ไฟ็ใช่จ่ใซใใฃใจใใ้ใซๅบงใๆใๆธกใใใจใซใชใใใใใซใฏ็ๆใใผใใใใใใใใฏ็ๆใใฎใใฎใๅคใใฃใฆใใพใใจใใไปฃๅใไผดใใใใใใใฏใ่จ่ใ็จใใใใจใฏใงใใ้ใๆฎใ็ฝฎใใฆใๅฟ่ฑกใๆ่ฆใ้ ผใใซใๅฏ่ฝใช้ใ็ๆใๆ็ขบใซใใๆนใๅพ็ญใจ่จใใใ ใใใ
ใใใใฆๆ็ซ ใ็ถดใใใพใ่จ่๏ผ่ฑ่ช๏ผใๆใใ็ซๅ ดใ้ธใใ ่บซใจใใฆใๅธธใซ่ธใซๅปใใงใใใใ่ญ่ฆใ ใ
ใชใผใฆใงใซใฎๆนๅคใฏใไธปใซไธ่ฌๅบถๆฐใงใฏใชใๆฟๆฒปๅฎถใๅผทใๅฝฑ้ฟๅใๆใคไบบใ ใซๅใใใใใใฎใ ใ้ๆชใงไธๆญฃ็ขบใช่จ่ใฎๆตๅธใฏใๆๅฃใงไธ่ช ๅฎใช่จใ้ใใๆฐพๆฟซใใๆฟๆฒปใฎ็ตๆใงใใใจๅๆใซๅๅ ใงใใใจใใฆใใใใ ใใใจ่จใฃใฆใใใใซๅฎๆใซๅ่ชฟใใๅใๅฃฒใใใฆใฏใใใใฏใพใใซๅฝผใๆนๅคใใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎไธ้จใซๆใไธใใใใจใซใชใใ่ชๅใฎๆ่ใ็ใใใใชใใใใซใใญใฐใจใใใใใใฆ่ฅใๆญฃใ่ชญๆธ็ต้จใซใชใฃใใ
ไฝ่ซใ ใใใใใ ใใใฎใใจไธฆใใงๅซใใช่จ่ใซใ่ฑไผ่ฉฑใใใ่ฑไผ่ฉฑใ็ฟใใใจใใ่กจ็พใใใใใ่ฑไผ่ฉฑใใฏใ่ฑ่ชใใจๅใใใใซ่ฆใใฆๅฎใฏ็ฐใชใใใฎใงใใใ่ชๅใฎ้ ญใง่ใใใใจใๆพๆฃใใฆใ่ฉฑใๅ ๅฎนใพใงไธใใฆใใใใใจใใ็ใใๆฝๅจใใฆใใใใใซๆใใใใใ ใใใใฏ้ๅพณ็ใช้ๅปใๆ่ใฎๅ ่ฝใซไปใชใใชใใ
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