An Elementary Resolution of the Navier-Stokes Existence and Smoothness

(7/16/2024 revised, MasatoshiOhrui1993@gmail.com )
Abstract

This is an elementary argment in the sense that there are no long or complicated calculations, and the theory of evolution equations is not used at all. Our initial values can be taken arbitrary large, and our solutions are time global.

Introduction

The existence of the solutions is actually known. For example, Fujita-Kato Theory, Shibata Theory: Takayoshi Ogawa [26], Yoshihiro Shibata [22], Shibata-Kubo [24], Kakita-Shibata [3], Okamoto [20]. The semi-group theory or apriori estimates are in these theories, but these are not elementary. The initial values can be taken arbitrary large in the Leray-Hopf's weak solutions, but the uniqueness and smoothness are unresolved. Semi-group theory or apriori estimates are not used in the proof of existence of the Leray-Hopf's weak solutions (for example, Wasao SIBAGAKI, Hisako RIKIMARU [28]), but it is not elementary, too. We define new weak solutions with uniqueness and smoothness, without semi-group theory or apriori estimates. The initial values mast be small in the Fujita-Kato theory or Shibata theory to show the solutions are time global, but our initial values can be taken arbitrary large and our solutions are time global. We apply "locally solvability of the partial differential oparators with constant coefficients":
"for the fundamental solution of any linear partial differential operator with constant coefficients $${L}$$ on $${\mathbb{R}^N}$$, that is, for $${E \in \mathcal{D}^{\prime}}$$ that satisfies $${LE=\delta}$$, for $${f \in \mathcal{D}^{\prime}}$$, one of the solutions of the equation $${Lu=f}$$ on $${\Omega}$$ is $${u=E * \chi_\Omega f \in \mathcal{D}^{\prime}(\Omega)}$$.
Here if $${ f \in \mathcal{E}^{\prime}}$$ then $${\langle E*f, \varphi \rangle = \langle E(x), \langle f(y), \varphi(x+y) \rangle \rangle}$$".

The policy is, let $${L}$$ be the heat operator $${\partial_t-\Delta}$$ in the Navier-Stokes equations $${\begin{cases}\partial_t u -\Delta u=f - \nabla \mathfrak{p}-(u \cdot \nabla)u\\ \mathrm{div}\,u=0 \end{cases}}$$,
erase the pressure $${\mathfrak{p}}$$ and to approximate the nonlinear term $${(u \cdot \nabla)u}$$ by a sequence of smooth functions, use the locally solvability for the difference between the external force $${f}$$ and the approximation term, and show that the limit in the Sobolev space is the solution.

[Definition of symbols]
For convenience, we write the index of the component of the vector in the upper right corner. "Function space" and "space" are abbreviations for "linear topological space" (of functions or distributions), other than pressure $${\mathfrak{p}}$$ are $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$-valued. The absolute value of the functions in the norm of normal function space is interpreted as the length of the number vector (the absolute value of $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$) in the norm of the space of the $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$-value functions. We write the space of the real numeric functions and the space of the $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$-value functions in the same symbol to make symbols simple. For any positive number $${\delta}$$, let $${B_\delta(0, y)}$$ be the $${\delta}$$-neighborhood of point $${(0, y)}$$. Let $${\Omega}$$ be a bounded open set contained in $${\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3}$$ that for any $${y\in\mathbb{R}^3}$$, there exists $${\delta}$$ such that $${B_\delta(0, y)\cap\Omega =\emptyset}$$ and have smooth boundary. Let $${t_0=\inf\{s\in\mathbb{R}:\exists{y}\in\mathbb{R}^3, (s, y)\in\overline\Omega\}}$$. Let $${|\Omega|}$$ be $${\Omega}$$'s Lebesgue measure. Let $${\chi_{\Omega}}$$ be the characteristic function on $${\Omega}$$, the support compact and the divergence for special valuables $${0}$$ . For any natural number $${m \gt \max\{0+4/1, 0+4/2\}=4}$$, $${p=1, 2}$$, let $${V_{\sigma}^{m, p}(\Omega)=\{ u \in C^{\infty}(\Omega) : \|u\|_{W^{m, p}(\Omega)} \lt {\infty},\mathrm{div}\,u=0 \},}$$ $${W_{\sigma}^{m, p}(\Omega)}$$ be the Sobolev space defined by $${V_{\sigma}^{m, p}(\Omega)}$$'s completion by norm of $${W_{\sigma}^{m, p}(\Omega)=\overline{V_{\sigma}^{m, p}(\Omega)}^{\| \cdot \|_{W^{m, p}(\Omega)}}}$$ . Let $${\mathcal{D}(\Omega)}$$ be the space of the test functions ($${C_{0}^{\infty}(\Omega)}$$ as a set), $${\mathcal{D}_\sigma(\Omega)}$$ is the space of the test functions that the divergence is $${0}$$ for spatial variables (see [Supplement 1]). Let $${P:L^2(\Omega)\to L^2_\sigma(\Omega)=\overline{\mathcal{D}_{\sigma}(\Omega)}^{\| \cdot \|_{L^2(\Omega)}}}$$ be the projection. Let $${C^{k, \varepsilon}(\overline{\Omega})}$$ be the Hölder space. Let $${f\in C^\infty(\Omega)}$$. Let the fundamental solution of $${\partial_t - \Delta}$$ be $${E}$$. That is, in the sence that $${\mathbb{R}^3}$$-valued distribution,
$${(\partial_t - \Delta)E(t, x)=\delta(t, x) = \delta(t) \otimes \delta(x)}$$
then
$${E^{i}(t, x)=\begin{cases} \frac{1}{\sqrt{4 \pi t}^3} e^{-\frac{|x|^2}{4t}} & (t \gt 0) \\ 0 & (t \le 0) \end{cases}}$$.
Let $${A=\{u(t_0, \cdot):u \in W_{\sigma}^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_{\sigma}^{m, 2}(\Omega), u(t, x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}^3} E(s, y) \, \chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(\,Pf(t-s, x-y) - P((u\cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy\}}$$. Let
$${\langle w, \varphi \rangle = (w, \varphi)_{L^2(\Omega)}}$$
$${=\int_{\Omega} \sum_{i=1}^{3} w^{i}(t, x)\varphi^{i}(t, x)dtdx}$$
$${=\int_{\Omega} w(t, x) \cdot \varphi(t, x)dtdx}$$
$${(w=(w^1, w^2, w^ 3), \varphi=(\varphi^1, \varphi^2, \varphi^3))}$$.
In general, if for two Banach spaces $${X, Y}$$, there exists linear Hausdorff space $${Z}$$ such that $${X, Y \subset Z}$$, then $${X\cap Y}$$ is a Banach space with the norm given by $${\|u\|_X+\|u\|_Y}$$ or $${\max\{\|u\|_X, \|u\|_Y\}}$$. $${\max\{\|u\|_X, \|u\|_Y\}\le \|u\|_X+\|u\|_Y \le 2\max\{\|u\|_X, \|u\|_Y\}}$$ so these are equivalent.

[Existence of elementary weak solutions]
For any $${a\in A}$$, there are weak solutions $${u, \mathfrak{p}}$$ of the initial value problem

$${\partial_t u -\Delta u=f - \nabla \mathfrak{p}-(u \cdot \nabla)u}$$
$${\mathrm{div}\,u=0}$$
$${u(t_0, x)=a(x)}$$,

$${u \in W_{\sigma}^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_{\sigma}^{m, 2}(\Omega),}$$ $${\mathfrak{p}\in L_{\mathrm{loc}}^2(\Omega)/\{\mathfrak{p}':\mathfrak{p}'\sim\mathfrak{q}\iff\nabla\mathfrak{(p'-q)}=0\}}$$, for any $${\varphi \in \mathcal{D}_\sigma(\Omega)}$$,
$${\langle \partial_t u + (u \cdot \nabla)u - \Delta u + \nabla \mathfrak{p} - f, \varphi \rangle =0,}$$
for any $${\varphi\in\mathcal{D}(\Omega)}$$,
$${\langle\mathrm{div} \,u, \varphi\rangle=-\sum_{j=1}^3\langle u^j, \partial_{x^j}\varphi\rangle=0}$$.

If $${f \neq 0}$$ then $${u \neq 0}$$. $${\Omega}$$ can be arbitrary large, so $${u, \mathfrak{p}}$$ are time global.

[Intuitive proof]
$${W_\sigma^{m, p}(\Omega)}$$ is completion, so for any $${\{u_n\} \subset V_\sigma^{m, p}(\Omega)}$$,
$${\lim_{n,{n'} \to \infty}\|u_n - u_{n'}\|_{W^{m, p}(\Omega)}=0, \lim_{n,{n'} \to \infty}\|E*\chi_{\Omega}P(u_n\cdot\nabla)u_n - E*\chi_{\Omega}P(u_{n'}\cdot\nabla)u_{n'}\|_{W^{m-1, p}(\Omega)}=0}$$, some $${u \in W_\sigma^{m, p}(\Omega)}$$ exists such that
$${\lim_{n \to \infty}\|u_n - u\|_{W^{m, p}(\Omega)}=0,\lim_{n \to \infty}\|E*\chi_{\Omega}P(u_n\cdot\nabla)u_n- E*\chi_{\Omega}P(u\cdot\nabla)u\|_{W^{m-1, p}(\Omega)}=0}$$.

$${u}$$ satisfies $${\mathrm{div}\,u=0}$$ in the sense of a distribution belonging to $${\mathcal{D}'(\Omega)}$$ (See [28]). That is, for any $${\varphi\in\mathcal{D}(\Omega)}$$, $${\langle\mathrm{div}\,u, \varphi\rangle=-\sum_{j=1}^3\langle u^j, \partial_{x^j}\varphi\rangle=0}$$.
For any $${\varphi\in\mathcal{D}_\sigma(\Omega)}$$,
$${\mathrm{div}(\varphi)=0}$$, so by integration by parts
$${\langle \nabla\mathfrak{p}, \varphi\rangle}$$
$${=\int_{\Omega} \sum_{i=1}^{3} (\nabla\mathfrak{p})^i(t, x)\varphi^i(t, x)dtdx}$$
$${=-\int_{\Omega}\mathfrak{p}(t, x)\mathrm{div}(\varphi)(t, x)dtdx=0.}$$

Therefore, boundness of $${u, \partial_{x^j}u}$$ by the Sobolev's embedding theorem and $${|\Omega|\lt\infty}$$, we have $${(u\cdot\nabla)u\in L^2(\Omega)}$$, so by the Helmholtz decomposition,
if we let $${f=Pf+\nabla\mathfrak{f}, (u\cdot\nabla)u=P((u\cdot\nabla)u)+\nabla\mathfrak{u}}$$
then
$${\langle f, \varphi\rangle = \langle Pf, \varphi\rangle, \langle (u\cdot\nabla)u, \varphi\rangle =\langle P((u\cdot\nabla)u), \varphi\rangle}$$, hence we solve

(N-S)' $${\partial_t u - \Delta u= f -(u \cdot \nabla)u\,\mathrm{in}\, \mathcal{D}'_\sigma(\Omega)}$$.

The solution of the approximate equation on $${\Omega}$$

(N-S)'' $${\partial_t v_{n} - \Delta v_{n} =Pf-P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)}$$
is
$${v_n=E * \chi_{\Omega}(Pf -P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)) \in V_\sigma^{m-1, p}(\Omega)}$$.

Therefore, the solution of (N-S)''
$${v_{n}(t, x)=\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3} E(s, y) \chi_{\Omega}(t-s , x-y)(Pf(t-s, x-y) -P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)(t-s, x-y))dsdy.}$$

We can take the Cauchy sequence $${\{u_n\}}$$ such that the limit of $${\{v_n\}}$$ and the limit of $${\{u_n\}}$$ coincide. Later we can justify it.
We show that $${u=v}$$ is the solution of (N-S)' :
$${v_{n}(t, x)}$$
$${=\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3} E(s, y)\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y) (Pf(t-s, x-y)-P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)(t-s, x-y))dsdy,}$$
$${u_n \to u=v \gets v_n.}$$

$${\partial_t v_{n} (t, x)- \Delta v_{n} (t, x)}$$
$${=\langle(\partial_t E(t-s, x-y) - \Delta E(t-s, x-y)),\chi_{\Omega}(s, y)(Pf(s, y)-P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)(s, y))\rangle}$$
$${=\langle\delta(\tau) \otimes \delta(z),\chi_{\Omega}(t-\tau, x-z)(Pf(t-\tau, x-z)-P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)(t-\tau, x-z)) \rangle}$$
$${=Pf(t, x)-P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)(t, x).}$$

Therefore, the above calculation and the continuity of the heat operator on $${\mathcal{D}'_\sigma(\Omega)}$$:
$${|\langle \partial_t v_{n} - \Delta v_{n}, \varphi \rangle - \langle \partial_t u - \Delta u, \varphi \rangle|\to 0}$$, and from the Hölder's inequality, $${\|P\|=1}$$, and product of the functions $${L^2(\Omega)\times L^2(\Omega) \ni (u, v) \mapsto uv \in L^1(\Omega)}$$ is continuous (see [Supplement 2]), so
$${| \int_{\Omega} (P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)(t, x)}$$
$${-P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t, x))) \cdot \varphi(t, x) dtdx |}$$
$${\le \|((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)(t, x)-((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t, x)\|_{L^1(\Omega)}\| \varphi(t, x) \|_{L^\infty(\Omega)}\to 0\,(n \to \infty)}$$, hence
$${\partial_t u - \Delta u =Pf-P((u \cdot \nabla)u)}$$ holds, so we have
$${u(t, x)=\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3} E(s, y)\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y) (Pf(t-s, x-y)-P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy}$$.

It has been shown that it is a solution in the sence of distribution in $${\mathcal{D}_\sigma'(\Omega)}$$ of (N-S)' (see [Supplement 3]).

" $${\varphi\in\mathcal{D}_\sigma(\Omega)\Rightarrow\langle U, \varphi\rangle =0}$$ "
$${\iff}$$
" there exist $${\mathfrak{p}}$$ such that $${U=\nabla\mathfrak{p}}$$ "

(see [14]), therefore there exist $${\mathfrak{p}}$$ such that $${\partial_t u + (u \cdot \nabla)u - \Delta u - f=-\nabla \mathfrak{p}}$$ holds.
(END)

[Smoothness and boundness of elementary weak solutions]
Solution $${(u, \mathfrak{p})}$$ are $${C^{\infty}}$$-functions and bounded.

[Proof]
$${m}$$ can be arbitrarily large, so the embedding theorem to Hölder space (See [18] theorem 6.12)
"if $${\mathbb{N}\ni m-4/p\gt 0}$$ then $${W^{m, p}(\Omega)\subset C^{(m-4/p)-1, \varepsilon}(\overline{\Omega})}$$ for $${\varepsilon\in (0, 1)}$$", in the sence of existence of suitable representative elements, $${u}$$ is bounded on $${\overline{\Omega}}$$ and $${C^\infty}$$-function.

$${f}$$ is smooth and $${\partial_t u + (u \cdot \nabla)u - \Delta u - f=-\nabla \mathfrak{p}}$$. Because $${-\nabla \mathfrak{p}}$$ is smooth, so $${\mathfrak{p}}$$ is also smooth.
(END)

We justify above argment by Banach's fixed point theorem. We put $${X=\bigcap_{m=5}^\infty W_{\sigma}^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_{\sigma}^{m, 2}(\Omega)}$$. $${X}$$ is a Banach space with the norm given by
$${\|u\|_X=\sum_{m=5}^\infty \frac{1}{m!^5}\|u\|_{W_\sigma^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_\sigma^{m, 2}(\Omega)}}$$.

$${\chi_{\Omega}\in X}$$ so $${X\neq \{0\}}$$.

[Proof]
Let $${\{u_n\}}$$ be the Caucy sequence in $${X}$$. Then, $${\{u_n\}}$$ is the Caucy sequence of $${W_{\sigma}^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_{\sigma}^{m, 2}(\Omega)}$$. $${W_{\sigma}^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_{\sigma}^{m, 2}(\Omega)}$$ is a Banach space, so $${\{u_n\}}$$ converges. Let the limit be $${u}$$. If $${u\notin X}$$, for any positive number $${R}$$, there exist natural number $${m'\ge 5}$$ such that $${\sum_{m=5}^{m'} \frac{1}{m!^5}\|u\|_{W_\sigma^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_\sigma^{m, 2}(\Omega)}\gt R}$$. Then there exist constant $${C\gt 0}$$, $${\|u\|_{W_\sigma^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_\sigma^{m, 2}(\Omega)}\gt CR}$$. If $${C}$$ does not exists, for any $${C\gt 0}$$, $${\|u\|_{W_\sigma^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_\sigma^{m, 2}(\Omega)}\le CR}$$, so $${u=0}$$. This is a contradiction, so $${u\in X}$$. If $${\lim_{n\to\infty}\|u_n-u\|_X=0}$$ does not hold, there exist positive number $${R'}$$ such that for any natural number $${N}$$, there exists $${n\gt N}$$, $${\|u_n-u\|_X\gt0}$$, therefore there exist $${M'\ge 5}$$ and
$${\sum_{m=5}^{M'} \frac{1}{m!^5}\|u_n-u\|_{W_\sigma^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_\sigma^{m, 2}(\Omega)}\gt R'}$$. Then there exist constant $${C'\gt 0}$$, $${\|u_n-u\|_{W_\sigma^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_\sigma^{m, 2}(\Omega)}\gt C'R'}$$. If $${C'}$$ does not exists, for any $${C'\gt 0}$$, $${\|u_n-u\|_{W_\sigma^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_\sigma^{m, 2}(\Omega)}\le C'R'}$$. Then $${u_n=u}$$. This is a contradiction, too. So $${\lim_{n\to\infty}\|u_n-u\|_X=0.}$$
(END)

Constants $${C_1, C_2 \gt 0}$$ exist such that
$${\left\|u^i v^i\right\|_{X}\le C_1\|u^i\|_{X}\|v^i\|_{X}}$$
(separation of product)
and
$${\left\|\partial_{x^j}u\right\|_{X}\le C_2\|u\|_X}$$
(absorption of differential)
hold for $${u\in X}$$.

[Proof]
For binomial coefficients $${c_{\alpha, \beta}}$$, let
$${c_{\alpha}=\sum_{\beta\le\alpha}c_{\alpha, \beta}}$$.
There is a continuous embedding $${X\subset C^{k, \varepsilon}(\overline{\Omega})}$$ for any natural number $${k}$$, because $${\|u_n-u\|_X\to 0}$$
$${\Rightarrow \|u_n-u\|_{W_\sigma^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_\sigma^{m, 2}(\Omega)} \to 0}$$
$${\Rightarrow \|u_n-u\|_{C^{k, \varepsilon}(\overline{\Omega})}\to 0}$$, so there exist constant $${c'\gt 0}$$ such that if $${|\alpha|\le k}$$, by Leibniz' formula,
$${\|\partial^\alpha (u^i v^i)\|_{L^p(\Omega)}}$$
$${\le c_{\alpha}\|u^i\|_{C^{k, \varepsilon}(\overline{\Omega})}\|v^i\|_{C^{k, \varepsilon}(\overline{\Omega})}|\Omega|^{1/p}}$$
$${\le c_{\alpha}c' |\Omega|^{1/p}\|u^i\|_X c'\|v^i\|_X}$$
$${\le c_{\alpha}c'^2 |\Omega|^{1/p}\|u^i\|_X\|v^i\|_X}$$. Therefore,
$${\|\partial^\alpha (u^i v^i)\|_{L^p(\Omega)}\le c_{\alpha}c'^2 |\Omega|^{1/p}\|u^i\|_X\|v^i\|_X}$$, so there exist constant $${C_1\gt 0}$$ such that
$${\|u^i v^i\|_X\le C_1\|u^i\|_X\|v^i\|_X}$$.

Let $${\{u_n\}\subset X}$$ satisfies $${u_n\to u, \partial_{x^j}u_n\to v}$$. From the Hölder's inequality, we have
$${|\langle \partial_{x^j}u_n - v, \varphi\rangle|\le \|\partial_{x^j}u_n - v\|_{L^p(\Omega)}\|\varphi\|_{L^q(\Omega)}\to 0}$$ and the weak differentiation is continuous in $${\mathcal{D}'_\sigma(\Omega)}$$, so $${\partial_{x^j}u_n\to \partial_{x^j}u\, \mathrm{in}\,\mathcal{D}'_\sigma(\Omega)}$$. From
$${v=\partial_{x^j}u\in X}$$, $${\{u\in X:\partial_{x^j}u\in X\}=X}$$, the absorption of differential is true by the closed graph theorem.
(END)

$${X\ni u\mapsto E*(\chi_\Omega u)\in X}$$ is a bounded operator, so constant $${C_3\gt 0}$$ exists such that for any $${u\in X}$$,
$${\|\int_{\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y)\chi_\Omega(t-s, x-y)u(t-s, x-y)dsdy\|_{X}}$$
$${\le C_3\|u\|_X}$$
holds.

[Proof]
As a function of $${(s, y)}$$, for any $${(t, x)\in\Omega}$$,
$${\mathrm{supp}(E^i(s, y) \chi_\Omega(t-s, x-y)u^i(t-s, x-y))}$$
$${\subseteq -\overline{\Omega}+(t, x)}$$
$${=\overline{\{(s, y)\in \mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3:(t-s, x-y)\in\Omega\}}}$$
is the translation of reverse of $${\overline{\Omega}}$$, so it is compact, and
$${|\partial_{t, x}^\alpha(E^i(s, y) \chi_\Omega(t-s, x-y)u^i(t-s, x-y))|\le E^i(s, y)\sup\{|\partial_{t, x}^\alpha u^i(t-s, x-y)|:(t-s, x-y)\in\Omega\}\in L^1_{s, y}(\Omega)}$$, so combine the theorem of differentiation under the integral sign, the Hölder's inequality and assumption of $${\Omega,}$$ we have
$${\|\partial^\alpha(E*(\chi_{\Omega}u))\|_{L^p(\Omega)}}$$
$${\le\|E*(\partial^\alpha (\chi_{\Omega}u))\|_{L^p(\Omega)}}$$
$${\le \|\|E(s, y)\|_{L_{s, y}^2(-\Omega+(t, x))}\|\partial^\alpha u(t-s, x-y)\|_{L_{s, y}^2(-\Omega+(t, x))}\|_{L_{t, x}^p(\Omega)}}$$
$${\le \sup_{(t, x)\in\Omega}\|E\|_{L^2(-\Omega+(t, x))}\|\partial^\alpha u\|_{L^2(\Omega)}|\Omega|^{1/p}}$$
$${\le c\|\partial^\alpha u\|_{L^1(\Omega)\cap L^2(\Omega)}}$$
$${\lt\infty}$$.
So we have
$${\|E*(\chi_\Omega u)\|_X\le C_3\|u\|_X.}$$
(END)

We take $${C=\max\{C_1, C_2, C_3\}}$$. Separation of product, absorption of differential, and boundness of $${X\ni u\mapsto E*(\chi_\Omega u)\in X}$$ hold for $${C}$$. For a constant $${M}$$, let $${S}$$ be a subset of $${X}$$:
$${S=\{u\in X:\|u\|_{X}\le M\}}$$. We take $${M}$$ satisfying $${C(1+3C^2)M\le 1}$$. Let the external force $${f\in S}$$ and $${\|f\|_X\le M^2}$$.

We solve
(N-S)'$${\partial_t u -\Delta u=f -(u \cdot \nabla)u}$$,
that is, for any $${a\in A}$$, there exist $${u \in W_{\sigma}^{m, 1}(\Omega)\cap W_{\sigma}^{m, 2}(\Omega),}$$ $${\mathfrak{p}\in L_{\mathrm{loc}}^2(\Omega)/\{\mathfrak{p}':\mathfrak{p}'\sim\mathfrak{q}\iff\nabla\mathfrak{(p'-q)}=0\}}$$, for any $${\varphi \in \mathcal{D}_\sigma(\Omega)}$$,
$${\langle \partial_t u + (u \cdot \nabla)u - \Delta u + \nabla \mathfrak{p} - f, \varphi \rangle =0,}$$
for any $${\varphi\in\mathcal{D}(\Omega)}$$,
$${\langle\mathrm{div} \,u, \varphi\rangle=-\sum_{j=1}^3\langle u^j, \partial_{x^j}\varphi\rangle=0}$$,
$${u(t_0, x)=a(x)}$$.

$${\varPhi:S\to S}$$ can be defined as
$${\varPhi[u](t, x)}$$
$${=\int_{\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3} E(s, y)\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(Pf(t-s, x-y) -P((u\cdot\nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy}$$. We take the function sequence $${\{u_n\}\subset S}$$ as $${u_0\in S}$$, if $${n\ge 0}$$ then $${u_{n+1}(t, x)=\varPhi[u_n](t, x)}$$
$${=\int_{\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3} E(s, y) \chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(Pf(t-s, x-y) -P((u_n\cdot\nabla)u_n)(t-s, x-y))dsdy}$$. If $${X}$$ is a complete metric space, then $${S}$$ is complete because it is a closed subset that is not empty, and if $${\varPhi}$$ is a contraction mapping, according to the Banach's fixed point theorem, the uniqueness and the existence of a fixed point of $${\varPhi}$$ follows:

Some $${u \in S}$$ exists uniquely and $${\varPhi[u]=u}$$.

Then, due to the uniqueness of the fixed point in Banach's fixed point theorem, $${u}$$ is a unique weak solution. If $${f \neq 0}$$ then $${u \neq 0}$$. $${\Omega}$$ can be arbitrary large, so $${u, \mathfrak{p}}$$ are time global.

[Proof of the possibility that $${\varPhi}$$ can be defined as a contraction mapping]
$${u\in S\Rightarrow \|E*(\chi_{\Omega}(Pf-P((u\cdot \nabla)u)))\|_X\lt\infty}$$
holds. Therefore
$${\|\varPhi[u]\|_X\le M.}$$

$${\|P\|=1}$$, so
$${\|\chi_{\Omega}(Pf-P((u\cdot\nabla)u))\|_X}$$
$${\le\|f\|_X+\|u^1 \partial_{x^1}u+u^2 \partial_{x^2}u+u^3 \partial_{x^3}u\|_X}$$
$${\le M^2+3C^2M^2\lt\infty}$$.

If
$${\|\varPhi[u]\|_X}$$
$${\le CM^2+3C^3M^2}$$
$${\le M}$$, $${M}$$ must be $${C(1+3C^2)M\le 1}$$.
(END)

$${\varPhi:S\to S}$$ is Lipschitz continuous: there is a constant $${L\gt 0}$$ such that $${\|\int_{\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y) \chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(P((v \cdot \nabla)v)(t-s, x-y)-P((u\cdot\nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy\|_X}$$
$${\le L \|u- v\|_X}$$

may be possible. If the Lipschitz continuity established,

$${\|\varPhi[u]-\varPhi[v]\|_X}$$
$${\le\|\int_{\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y)\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(P((v \cdot \nabla)v)(t-s, x-y)-P((u\cdot\nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy\|_X}$$
$${\le L\|u-v\| _X}$$
follows. Here, if

[$${\varPhi}$$ may be a contraction mapping]
$${L \lt 1}$$

holds, the argument is justified.

[Proof of Lipschitz continuity]
$${(v \cdot \nabla)v(t-s, x-y)-(u \cdot \nabla)u(t-s, x-y)}$$
$${=\sum_{j=1}^3 (v^j (\partial_{x^j}v(t-s, x-y) - \partial_{x^j}u(t-s, x-y)) + (v^j \partial_{x^j}u(t-s, x-y)) - (u^j \partial_{x^j}u(t-s, x-y)))}$$, so we have

$${\|\int_{\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y) \chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(P((v \cdot \nabla)v)(t-s, x-y)-P((u\cdot\nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy\|_X}$$
$${\le C^2\|v\|_X\max_j(\|\partial_{x^j}v - \partial_{x^j}u\|_X)+C^2\|v-u\|_X\max_j(\|\partial_{x^j}u\|_X)}$$
$${\le C^3M\|v-u\|_X+C^3M\|v-u\|_X}$$
$${= 2C^3M\|u- v\|_X.}$$

Therefore, we can make it $${L=2C^3M}$$.
(END)

[Proof of the possibility that $${\varPhi}$$ is a contraction mapping]

From the above argment
$${\|\int_{\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y)\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(P((v \cdot \nabla) v(t-s, x-y))-P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy\|_X}$$
$${\le 2C^3M\|u- v\|_X}$$
and
$${2C^3M\lt 1.}$$
(END)

[Solvability of the Navier-Stokes equations]
When taking $${f\in S}$$ to $${\|f\|_X\le M^2}$$, the fixed point $${u}$$ of
$${\varPhi:S\to S}$$ is the solution of (N-S)'.

If $${f \neq 0}$$ then $${u \neq 0}$$. $${\Omega}$$ can be arbitrary large, so $${u, \mathfrak{p}}$$ are time global.

[Proof]
$${\partial_t u_{n+1} - \Delta u_{n+1} =Pf-P((u_n \cdot \nabla)u_n)}$$, so similar to the intuitive proof, the limit of $${\{u_n\}}$$ is the solution.
(END)

[Supplement 1]
As functions $${\varphi}$$ that $${\mathrm{div} \varphi = \nabla \cdot \varphi=0}$$, it is sufficient to take any $${\psi \in \mathcal{D}(\Omega)}$$ and set to $${\varphi = \mathrm{curl} \psi}$$. (See [10])

[Supplement 2]
Let $${\|u_n-u\|_{L^2(\Omega)}\to 0, \|v_n-v\|_{L^2(\Omega)}\to 0}$$. By the triangle inequality, we have
$${| \|u_n\|_{L^2(\Omega)}-\|u\|_{L^2(\Omega)}|\le \|u_n-u\|_{L^2(\Omega)}}$$ for any sufficientaly large $${n}$$. On the other hand, $${\|u_n\|_{L^2(\Omega)}\lt \|u\|_{L^2(\Omega)}+1}$$. Therefore
$${\|u_n v_n - uv\|_{L^1(\Omega)}\le \|u_n\|_{L^2(\Omega)}\|v_n-v\|_{L^2(\Omega)}+\|v\|_{L^2(\Omega)}\|u_n-u\|_{L^2(\Omega)}}$$
$${\lt (\|u\|_{L^2(\Omega)}+1)\|v_n-v\|_{L^2(\Omega)}+\|v\|_{L^2(\Omega)}\|u_n-u\|_{L^2(\Omega)} \to 0.}$$

[Supplement 3]
Let $${|\alpha|\le m-1}$$.

$${\int_{\Omega}|\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y) \partial^\alpha(\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(Pf(t-s, x-y) - P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
$${=\int_{\Omega}|\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3 - B_\delta(0, 0)} E(s, y) \partial^\alpha(\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(Pf(t-s, x-y) - P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
$${+\int_{\Omega}|\int_{B_\delta(0, 0)}E(s, y) \partial^\alpha(\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)(Pf(t-s, x-y) - P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx.}$$

$${E^i(s, y)}$$ is a locally integrable function, therefore
$${\int_{\Omega}|\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y) \partial^\alpha(\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y) Pf(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
is a finite value.

$${\int_{\Omega}|\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y)\partial^\alpha( \chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
is also finite.

$${\int_{\Omega}|\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3}E(s, y) \partial^\alpha( \chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y)dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
$${=\int_{\Omega}|\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3 - B_\delta(0, 0)} E(s, y)\partial^\alpha(\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
$${+\int_{\Omega}|\int_{B_\delta(0, 0)}E(s, y) \partial^\alpha(\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx.}$$

This first term is a finite value:

$${\int_{\Omega} |\int_{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3 - B_\delta(0, 0)} E(s, y)\partial^\alpha(\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y) P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
$${\le \sup\{E^i(s, y):(s, y) \in \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3 - B_\delta(0, 0) \}^p \int_\Omega|\int_{\{(s, y):(t-s, x-y)\in\Omega\}}\partial^\alpha(P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y))dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
$${\le \sup\{E^i(s, y):(s, y) \in \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3 - B_\delta(0, 0) \}^p \sup\{|\partial^\alpha(P((u \cdot \nabla)u))(s, y)|: (s, y) \in \Omega\}^p|\Omega|^{1+p}}$$
$${\lt \infty.}$$

Also, the second term is also a finite value:by Hölder's inequality,
$${\int_{\Omega} |\int_{B_\delta(0, 0)} E(s, y) \partial^\alpha(\chi_{\Omega}(t-s, x-y)P((u \cdot \nabla)u)(t-s, x-y)dsdy|^pdtdx}$$
$${\le \|E\|_{L^1(B_\delta(0, 0))}^p\| \partial^\alpha(P((u \cdot \nabla)u))\|_{L^\infty(B_\delta(0, 0))}^p|\Omega|}$$
$${\lt \infty.}$$
(END)

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