The Old Man and the Sea[老人と海]④:冠詞と代名詞の使い分け+α
Ernest Hemingway氏（以下、EH氏と略）の"The Old Man and the Sea"（邦題「老人と海」）第四弾、名著の冒頭部分の和英比較と注目ポイントの解説を通して、英語と日本語の仕組みの違いを学んでもらいます。特に冠詞と代名詞の使い分けを中心に解説します。
いわゆる学校英語や学術英語で整理しきれていない部分を面白いと思っていただけると幸いです（閲覧して面白いと思った方は、コメントしていただけると、教材や答え合わせを今後公開する励みになります）。
探しやすいように、代名詞heとその格変化したものを太字にして右にナンバリングしてあります。重要な名詞句（a/the old man、a/the boy、a man）も同様に、太字にして右にナンバリングしてあります。
［タイトル］The Old Man and the Sea / 老人と海
［本文：最初から］
（｢The Old Man and the Sea[老人と海]①②③｣で紹介&解説済）
記事①
He1 was an old man1 who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he2 had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy1 had been with him3. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s2 parents had told him4 that the old man2 was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy3 had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy4 sad to see the old man3 come in each day with his5 skiff empty and he6 always went down to help him7 carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.
The old man4 was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his8 neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his9 cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his10 face and his11 hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.
Everything about him12 was old except his13 eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.
“Santiago,” the boy5 said to him14 as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. “I could go with you again. We’ve made some money.”
The old man5 had taught the boy6 to fish and the boy7 loved him15.
“No,” the old man6 said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”
“But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.”
“I remember,” the old man7 said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.”
“It was papa made me leave. I am a boy8 and I must obey him16.”
“I know,” the old man8 said. “It is quite normal.”
“He17 hasn’t much faith.”
“No,” the old man9 said. “But we have. Haven’t we?”
“Yes,” the boy9 said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.”
“Why not?” the old man10 said. “Between fishermen.”
記事②
They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man11 and he18 was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him19 and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Havana. Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting.
When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace.
“Santiago,” the boy10 said.
“Yes,” the old man12 said. He20 was holding his21 glass and thinking of many years ago.
“Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?”
“No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.”
“I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.”
“You bought me a beer,” the old man13 said. “You are already a man1.”
“How old was I when you first took me in a boat?”
“Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he22 nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?”
“I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him23 like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.”
“Can you really remember that or did I just tell it to you?”
“I remember everything from when we first went together.”
The old man14 looked at him24 with his25 sun-burned, confident loving eyes.
記事③
“If you were my boy1 I’d take you out and gamble,” he26 said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.”
“May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.”
“I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.”
“Let me get four fresh ones.”
“One,” the old man15 said. His27 hope and his28 confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises.
“Two,” the boy11 said.
“Two,” the old man16 agreed. “You didn’t steal them?”
“I would,” the boy12 said. “But I bought these.”
“Thank you,” the old man17 said. He29 was too simple to wonder when he30 had attained humility. But he31 knew he32 had attained it and he33 knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride.
“Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he34 said.
“Where are you going?” the boy13 asked.
“Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.”
“I’ll try to get him35 to work far out,” the boy14 said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.”
※him35の先行詞は?
“He36 does not like to work too far out.”
※him35=He36
“No,” the boy15 said. “But I will see something that he37 cannot see such as a bird working and get him38 to come out after dolphin.”
※him35=He36=he37=he38
“Are his39 eyes that bad?”
※him35=He36=he37=he38=his39
“He40 is almost blind.”
※him35=He36=he37=he38=his39=He40
“It is strange,” the old man18 said. “He41 never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.”
［以下、④続き］（太字や日本語部分は私が入力）
“But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.”
“I am a strange old man19.”
※"a strange old man19"は"a man1"や"a boy8"と同じく｢任意性｣の不定冠詞（｢変わった老人｣は他にも世の中に数多くいる）
“But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?”
“I think so. And there are many tricks.”
“Let us take the stuff home,” the boy16 said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.”
They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man20 carried the mast on his42 shoulder and the boy17 carried the wooden box with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man21 but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he43 was quite sure no local people would steal from him44, the old man22 thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat.
※"the old man"と"the boy"がほぼ交互に主語として出現しており、その結果heは少なめ（理由は自明）。
※この段落では"the old man21"以降は全てheでも良さそうと思いきや、"the old man22"が主語として出現。ここもheで良いのかそれともダメなのか、一考の価値あり。
They walked up the road together to the old man’s23 shack and went in through its open door. The old man24 leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy18 put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the tough bud-shields of the royal palm which are called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his45 wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his46 wife on the wall but he47 had taken it down because it made him48 too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his49 clean shirt.
※a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal：chairだけ数詞one、他は不定冠詞aで表し、椅子が一個だけ（同居者のいない１人暮らし感）を強調。
※a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal：同様に、a place以下の老人の暮らしぶりや老人の所持品（亡き妻の写真など）を紹介する部分も、老人の現状を示す重要な描写。
※この段落では"his45 wife"〜"his49 clean shirt"（heの5連続）の前に最後に登場する男性は"the boy18"ですが、これが先行詞だと誤解される心配をする必要はないというEH氏の判断に私も全く同感です。
“What do you have to eat?” the boy19 asked.
“A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?”
“No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?”
“No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.”
“May I take the cast net?”
“Of course.”
※地の文で主語を示す必要がない会話の連続（英語ではレア）。発言内容だけで発言者の特定ができる時は、英語でもこれで十分（状況次第）。
今回のご紹介は以上です。EH氏による冠詞と代名詞の使い分けと老人の人となりを簡潔に示す有名な自宅描写部分、いかがでしたか？
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