Lv.3 Travel A_Metro System
It was the dawn（始まり、夜明け）of 1863, and London’s not-yet-opened subway system, the first of its kind in the world, had the city in an uproar（大騒ぎ）. Digging a hole under the city and putting a railroad in it seemed the stuff of dreams. Pub drinkers scoffed（あざ笑う）at the idea, and a local minister accused the railway company of trying to break into hell. Most people simply thought the project, which cost more than 100 million dollars in today’s money, would never work. But it did.
On January 10th, 1863, 30,000 people ventured（危険を冒して行く）underground to travel on the world’s first subway on a four-mile stretch（一続き）of line in London. After three years of construction and a few setbacks（停滞）, the Metropolitan Railway was ready for business. The city’s officials were much relieved. They’d been desperate to find a way to reduce the terrible congestion on the roads. London, at the time the world’s largest and most prosperous city, was in a permanent state of gridlock（交通渋滞）, with carts, costermongers（行商人）, cows, and commuters jamming the roads.
It’d been a Victorian visionary（先見の明のある人）, Charles Pearson, who first thought of putting railways under the ground. He’d lobbied（法律改正の圧力をかける）for underground trains throughout the 1840s, but opponents thought the idea was impractical since the railroads at the time only had short tunnels under hills. How could you get a railway through the center of a city? The answer was a simple system called “cut and cover”. Workers had to dig a huge trench（溝）, construct a tunnel out of brick archways（アーチ下の通路）, and then refill the hole over the newly built tunnel. Because this was disruptive and required the demolition of buildings above the tunnels, most of the line went under existing roads. Of course, there were accidents. On one occasion, a heavy rainstorm flooded the nearby sewers（下水道）and burst through the excavation（ほら穴）, delaying the project by several months. But as soon as the Metropolitan Railway opened, Londoners rushed in to ride the new trains. The Metropolitan quickly became a vital part of London’s transport（交通機関）system. Additional lines were soon built, and new suburbs grew around the stations. Big department stores opened next to the railroad, and the railway company even created attractions, like a 30-story Ferris wheel in Earls Court to bring in tourists by train.
Within 30 years, London’s subway system covered 80 kilometers, with lines in the center of town running in tunnels, and suburban trains operating on the surface, often on embankments（土手）. But London was still growing, and everyone wanted to be connected to the system. By the late 1880s, the city had become too dense with buildings, sewers, and electric cables for the “cut and cover” technique, so a new system had to be devised. Using a machine called the Greathead Shield, a team of just 12 workers could bore（穴を掘る）through the earth, carving deep underground tunnels through the London clay. These new lines, called tubes, were at varying depths, but usually about 25 meters deeper than the “cut and cover” lines. This meant their construction didn’t disturb the surface, and it was possible to dig under buildings. The first tube line, the City and South London, opened in 1890 and proved so successful that half a dozen more lines were built in the next 20 years. This clever new technology was even usd to burrow（穴を掘る）several lines under London’s river, the Thames.
By the early 20th century, Budapest, Berlin, Paris, and New York had all built subways of their own. And today, with more than 160 cities in 55 countries using underground rails to combat congestion, we can thank Charles Pearson and the Metropolitan Railway for getting us started on the right track.
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