Gendlin’s “focaling” and Dilthey’s “purposiveness”
In “A Process Model (APM)” (Gendlin, 2018), the term “focaling” is often used, which is similar in spelling to “Focusing” but has a different meaning. The term was already used in the early 1970s in Gendlin’s earlier work. Furthermore, although the term was not used, the prototype of the idea can be found in his master’s thesis on Dilthey (Gendlin, 1950).
Uses of “focal” preceding APM
In “Thinking beyond Patterns” in the early 1990s, the phrase “focal implying” was used:
The characteristic of “focal implying” as described above was already discussed as “not this, and not that” in “Experiential Psychotherapy” in the early 1970s:
This passage is discussed in the section “Focaling (Value)”. This section is the first time “focal” is discussed in detail:
Thus, the term “focal” is often used in conjunction with the words “purposive” and “valuative”. To understand the meaning of the word “purposive” here, the following passage from Dilthey’s work, which was the most significant influence on Gendlin during his life, may be helpful:
Based on the meaning of “purposive” in Dilthey, it may be easier to see Gendlin’s considerations since then in a consistent manner.
The purpose is not something added on
In the section “f) Focaling” in Chapter IV-A of APM, the term “purpose” is often used, such as “The purpose is not something added on” (Gendlin, 2018, p. 45). This is not to say there is a pre-separation between fact-neutral perception and purpose-oriented valuing. For example, in another paper from the early 1990s, “On Emotion in Therapy,” it is argued as follows:
The discussion of heat can also be traced back to the “Experiential Psychotherapy” in the 1970s:
Furthermore, the inseparability of neutral experience from valuing has already been written about in his master’s thesis:
It is against this background that it is argued in APM that “To render purpose as a separate, added thing is artificial” (Gendlin, 2018, p. 46). The consideration of “purpose,” which originated with Dilthey and was originally intended only for humans, has come to APM, where it is probably applied to considerations of living processes in general, such as “The plant doesn’t need a separate purpose to turn to the sun” (Gendlin, 2018, p. 46).
Appendix: Gendlin’s reference to Dilthey
The section “f) Focaling” is the only place in the text of APM where Gendlin specifically refers to Dilthey:
As far as I know, I do not find the argument “every experiencing is already inherently also an understanding” in Dilthey’s work. In that sense, the validity of Gendlin’s reference is questionable. However, there is no doubt that the idea of “focaling” is much inspired by Dilthey’s philosophy, which he examined in his master’s thesis (Gendlin, 1950), and that he developed it in his way. Strictly saying, the sentence above “‘purpose’ already inheres in what a given action is” would correspond to the following passage in the thesis:
Therefore, it would be most valid to quote the following passages from Dilthey’s writings:
References
Dilthey, W. (2002). The formation of the historical world in the human sciences (edited by R. A. Makkreel, & F. Rodi) (Selected works / Wilhelm Dilthey, Vol. 3). Princeton University Press. Originally published as Dilthey, W. (1927). Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften (Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 7). B.G.Teubner.
Gendlin, E. T. (1950). Wilhelm Dilthey and the problem of comprehending human significance in the science of man. MA Thesis, Department of Philosophy, University of Chicago.
Gendlin, E.T. (1973). Experiential psychotherapy. In R. Corsini (Ed.), Current psychotherapies (pp. 317-52). Peacock.
Gendlin, E.T. (1991a). On emotion in therapy. In J.D. Safran & L.S. Greenberg (Eds.), Emotion, psychotherapy and change (pp. 255-79). Guilford.
Gendlin, E.T. (1991b). Thinking beyond patterns: body, language and situations. In B. den Ouden & M. Moen (Eds.), The presence of feeling in thought (pp. 25-151). Peter Lang.
Gendlin, E. T. (2018). A process model. Northwestern University Press.
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