ジェンダーとセクシュアリティについて知識を得る。

第１０回（１２月１５日）異文化理解　課題と授業予定　

gender and sexuality (3)

 

課題

１．gender and sexuality の赤字の部分を日本語に訳しながら全体を読み通しなさい。

赤字の部分の日本語訳は提出すること。

目的：ジェンダーとセクシュアリティについて知識を得る。

→相変わらず、即日アップロードがされず、そのためもあり、土日を有効に学習時間に使えないので、読み物としては長くボリュームが多い。翻訳ソフトが優秀なため、外国語の論文だろうと、日本語のように読めるので、特段問題は無いが・・・。どのような感性で授業を運営されようとしているのか非常に興味がある。ご自身が授業の問題点（時間通り終わらない）を理解しつつも、それを改善していないのをそのままにしている点も、非常に興味深い。私だけでなく、「？」な印象を受けている学生がいるのではないでしょうか。

 

Gender and Sexuality (２)

 

For many people, the terms “gender” and “sex” are used interchangeably, and thus incorrectly.

多くの人にとって、「ジェンダー」と「セックス」という言葉は同じ意味で使われているため、間違った意味で使われています。

This idea has become so common, particularly in western societies, that it is rarely questioned. We are born, assigned a sex, and sent out into the world. For many people, this is cause for little, if any dissonance. Yet biological sex and gender are different; gender is not inherently nor solely connected to one’s physical anatomy.

しかし、生物学的な性とジェンダーは異なり、ジェンダーは身体的な解剖学的構造とは本質的に関係がなく、またそれだけではありません。

 

Biological Gender (sex) includes physical attributes such as external genitalia, sex chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, and internal reproductive structures. At birth, it is used to assign sex, that is, to identify individuals as male or female. Gender on the other hand is far more complicated. It is the complex interrelationship between an individual’s sex (gender biology), one’s internal sense of self as male, female, both or neither (gender identity) as well as one’s outward presentations and behaviors (gender expression) related to that perception, including their gender role.

生物学的性別（sex）には、外性器、性染色体、生殖腺、性ホルモン、体内の生殖構造などの身体的属性が含まれます。出生時に性別を決定するため、つまり個人を男性または女性として識別するために使用されます。一方、ジェンダーは、はるかに複雑です。個人の性別（性生物学）と、男性、女性、両方、あるいはどちらでもないという自己の内面的な認識（性自認）と、その認識に関連した外見的な表現や行動（性表現）との間の複雑な相互関係であり、その中には性別の役割も含まれています。

Together, the intersection of these three dimensions produces one’s authentic sense of gender, both in how people experience their own gender as well as how others perceive it.

The Gender Spectrum


Western culture has come to view gender as a binary concept, with two rigidly fixed options: male or female, both grounded in a person’s physical anatomy.

西洋文化では、ジェンダーを二元的な概念として捉えており、身体的な特徴に基づいて、男性か女性かの2つの選択肢が厳格に固定されています。

 

When a child is born, a quick glance between the legs determines the gender label that the child will carry for life. But even if gender is to be restricted to basic biology, a binary concept still fails to capture the rich variation that exists. Rather than just two distinct boxes, biological gender occurs across a continuum of possibilities. This spectrum of anatomical variations by itself should be enough to disregard the simplistic notions of a binary gender system.

But beyond anatomy, there are multiple domains defining gender. In turn, these domains can be independently characterized across a range of possibilities.

しかし、解剖学的構造にとどまらず、性別を定義する複数の領域があります。そして、これらの領域は、さまざまな可能性をもって独立して特徴づけられる。

Instead of the static, binary model produced through a solely physical understanding of gender, a far richer tapestry of biology, gender expression, and gender identity intersect in a multidimensional array of possibilities. Quite simply, the gender spectrum represents a more nuanced, and ultimately truly authentic model of human gender.

Falling Into Line

Gender is all around us. Like water surrounding creatures in the sea, we are often unaware of its ever-present nature. Gender is actually taught to us from the moment we are born. Gender expectations and messages bombard us constantly. Upbringing, culture, peers, schools, community, media, and religion are some of the many influences that shape our understanding of this core aspect of self.

ジェンダーは、生まれた瞬間から教えられています。ジェンダーに関する期待やメッセージは、常に私たちを襲います。育った環境、文化、仲間、学校、コミュニティ、メディア、宗教など、さまざまな影響を受けて、私たちは自分自身の中核となる側面について理解を深めていきます。

How you learned and interacted with gender as a young child directly influences how you view the world today. Gendered interactions between parent and child begin as soon as the sex of the baby is known. In short, many aspects of gender are socially constructed, particularly with regard to gender expression.

Like other social constructs, gender is closely monitored and reinforced by society. Practically everything in society is assigned a gender—toys, colors, clothes and behaviors are just some of the more obvious examples.

他の社会構成要素と同様に、ジェンダーは社会によって注意深く監視され、強化されています。おもちゃ、色、衣服、行動など、社会のあらゆるものに性別が割り当てられています。

 

Through a combination of social conditioning and personal preference, by age three most children prefer activities and exhibit behaviors typically associated with their sex. Accepted social gender roles and expectations are so entrenched in our culture that most people cannot imagine any other way. As a result, individuals fitting neatly into these expectations rarely if ever question what gender really means. They have never had to, because the system has worked for them.

About Gender-expansiveness

“Gender-expansive” is an umbrella term used for individuals that broaden commonly held definitions of gender, including its expression, associated identities, and/or other perceived gender norms, in one or more aspects of their life.

"ジェンダー拡張 "とは、一般的に言われているジェンダーの定義（表現、関連するアイデンティティ、その他の認識されているジェンダー規範を含む）を、人生の1つ以上の側面で広げている個人を指す包括的な用語です。

 

These individuals expand the definition of gender through their own identity and/or expression. Some individuals do not identify with being either male or female; others identify as a blend of both, while still others identify with a gender, but express their gender in ways that differ from stereotypical presentations. A gender-expansive person’s preferences and self-expression may fall outside commonly understood gender norms within their own culture; or they may be aligned with them even as one’s internal gender identity doesn’t align with the sex assigned at birth.

This diversity of gender is a normal part of the human experience, across cultures and throughout history. Non- binary gender diversity exists all over the world, documented by countless historians and anthropologists.

このような性別の多様性は、文化や歴史を超えて、人間の経験の中で当たり前のことです。二元的でないジェンダーの多様性は世界中に存在し、無数の歴史家や人類学者によって記録されています。

Examples of individuals living comfortably outside of typical male/female expectations and/or identities are found in every region of the globe. The calabai, and calalai of Indonesia, two-spirit Native Americans, and the hijra of India all represent more complex understandings of gender than allowed for by a simplistic binary model.

Further, what might be considered gender-expansive in one period of history may become gender normative in another.

さらに、ある時代にはジェンダーに配慮したものであっても、別の時代にはジェンダーに配慮したものになるかもしれません。

One need only examine trends related to men wearing earrings or women sporting tattoos to quickly see the malleability of social expectations about gender. Even the seemingly intractable “pink is for girls, blue is for boys” notions are relatively new. While there is some debate about the reasons why they reversed, what is well documented is that not until the mid-twentieth century were notions of pink for girls or blue for boys so firmly ensconced. You can make the case that “pink is the new blue!”

Gender And Privilege

When someone is “typically gendered,” they benefit from gender privilege. For individuals whose biological sex, gender expression, and gender identity neatly align, often referred to as “cisgender,” there is a level of congruence as they encounter the world around them.

典型的なジェンダー」の人は、ジェンダー・プリビレッジの恩恵を受けています。生物学的性別、性表現、性自認がきちんと一致している人（「シスジェンダー」と呼ばれることが多い）は、周囲の世界に遭遇したときに一致したレベルにある。

Like many forms of social privilege, this is frequently an unexamined aspect of their lives. Forms they fill out, the clothing stores in which they shop, or identification papers they carry bring few if any second thoughts. Yet for a transgender or otherwise gender-expansive person, each of these, and many more examples, is a constant reminder that they move about in a culture that really does not account for their own experience. Social privilege comes from an assumption that one’s own perspective is universal; whether related to race, or language, or gender, privilege comes from being part of the “norm.” Or, as Dorothy Soelle aptly described it: Privilege is being able to choose what you will not see.

To understand this more intuitively, think about the last time you were in a public setting and needed to use a restroom. For cisgender individuals, this rarely presents a problem or question (issues of cleanliness notwithstanding!). Yet for an individual who does not fit into narrowly defined expectations of gender presentation or identity, restroom use can present a whole host of challenges, sometimes even becoming a matter of life and death.

直感的に理解するには、公共の場でトイレに行きたくなったときのことを考えてみてください。シスジェンダーの人にとっては、ほとんど問題になることはありません（清潔さの問題は別として！）。しかし、狭い範囲で定義された性表現やアイデンティティーに当てはまらない人にとっては、トイレの使用は様々な問題を引き起こし、時には生死に関わる問題にもなります。

The daily need to make judgments about what one does, or wears, or says based on other people’s perceptions of their gender is a burden that many people never encounter. These everyday reminders of being different are also constant reinforcement of being “other”.

Gender Terminology

Given the complexity of gender, it is not surprising that an increasing number of terms and phrases are developing to describe it. Below are some of the key terms you might encounter:

Biological/Anatomical Sex. 

生物学的/解剖学的な性別

The physical structure of one’s reproductive organs that is used to assign sex at birth. Biological sex is determined by chromosomes (XX for females; XY for males); hormones (estrogen/progesterone for females, testosterone for males); and internal and external genitalia. Given the potential variation in all of these, biological sex must be seen as a spectrum or range of possibilities rather than a binary set of two options.

Gender Identity.  One’s innermost concept of self as male or female or both or neither—how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves. One’s gender identity can be the same or different than the sex assigned at birth. Individuals are conscious of this between the ages 18 months and 3 years. Most people develop a gender identity that matches their biological sex. For some, however, their gender identity is different from their biological or assigned sex. Some of these individuals choose to socially, hormonally and/or surgically change their sex to more fully match their gender identity.

性自認。 男性か女性か、あるいはその両方かどちらでもないか、という自己の最内的な概念で、個人が自分自身をどのように認識し、何と呼ぶかを示す。性自認は、生まれたときに割り当てられた性別と同じ場合もあれば、異なる場合もあります。このことを意識するのは、1歳半から3歳の間です。ほとんどの人は、自分の生物学的性別に合った性自認を持つようになります。しかし、中には、自分の性自認が生物学的な性別や割り当てられた性別とは異なる人もいます。このような人の中には、社会的、ホルモン的、外科的に性別を変えて、自分のジェンダー・アイデンティティをより完全に一致させることを選択する人もいます。

Gender Expression.  

性表現。Refers to the ways in which people externally communicate their gender identity to others through behavior, clothing, haircut, voice, and other forms of presentation. Gender expression also works the other way as people assign gender to others based on their appearance, mannerisms, and other gendered characteristics. Sometimes, transgender people seek to match their physical expression with their gender identity, rather than their birth-assigned sex. Gender expression should not be viewed as an indication of sexual orientation.

Gender Role. 

性別の役割。This is the set of roles, activities, expectations and behaviors assigned to females and males by society. Our culture recognizes two basic gender roles: Masculine (having the qualities attributed to males) and feminine (having the qualities attributed to females). People who step out of their socially assigned gender roles are sometimes referred to as transgender. Other cultures have three or more gender roles.

Transgender.  Sometimes used as an umbrella to describe anyone whose identity or behavior falls outside of stereotypical gender norms. More narrowly defined, it refers to an individual whose gender identity does not match their assigned birth gender. Being transgender does not imply any specific sexual orientation (attraction to people of a specific gender.) Therefore, transgender people may additionally identify with a variety of other sexual identities as well.

トランスジェンダー。 固定的な性別規範から外れたアイデンティティや行動をとる人を表す包括的な表現として用いられることもある。より狭義には、性自認が生まれたときに割り当てられた性別と一致しない人のことを指す。トランスジェンダーであることは、特定の性的指向（特定の性別の人に惹かれること）を意味するものではありません。したがって、トランスジェンダーの人たちは、他にもさまざまな性的アイデンティティを持っている可能性があります。

 

Sexual Orientation.

性的指向。Term that refers to being romantically or sexually attracted to people of a specific gender. Our sexual orientation and our gender identity are separate, distinct parts of our overall identity. Although a child may not yet be aware of their sexual orientation, they usually have a strong sense of their gender identity.

Gender Normative/Cisgender.

ジェンダー・ノーマティブ／シスジェンダー

 Refers to people whose sex assignment at birth corresponds to their gender identity and expression.

出生時の性別の割り当てが、自分の性自認や表現と一致している人を指します。

 

Gender Fluidity. 

ジェンダーの流動性。Gender fluidity conveys a wider, more flexible range of gender expression, with interests and behaviors that may even change from day to day. Gender fluid children do not feel confined by restrictive boundaries of stereotypical expectations of girls or boys. In other words, a child may feel they are a girl some days and a boy on others, or possibly feel that neither term describes them accurately.

Conclusion

Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of a person’s identity, gender deeply influences every part of one’s life. In a society where this crucial aspect of self has been so narrowly defined and rigidly enforced, individuals who exists outside its norms face innumerable challenges. Even those who vary only slightly from the norm can become targets of disapproval. Yet this does not have to be the case forever. Through a thoughtful consideration of the uniqueness and validity of every person’s experiences of self, we can develop greater acceptance for all. Not only will this create greater inclusion for individuals who challenge the norms of gender, it will actually create space for all individuals to more fully explore and celebrate who they are.

人のアイデンティティの最も基本的な側面であるジェンダーは、人生のあらゆる部分に深く影響します。この重要な自己の側面が狭く定義され、厳格に強制された社会では、その規範から外れた個人は数え切れないほどの困難に直面します。ほんの少しでも常識から外れていれば、それだけで嫌われてしまいます。しかし、それは永遠に続くものではありません。すべての人の自己経験の独自性と妥当性を熟考することで、すべての人を受け入れることができるようになります。ジェンダーの規範に挑戦する人を受け入れることができるだけでなく、すべての人が自分自身をより完全に探求し、祝福するためのスペースを作ることができるのです。

 

 

２．gender and sexuality の記事の中で、あなたが興味を持った点を１～２つ挙げ、それぞれについて３００字程度で感想を書きなさい。

目的：ジェンダー・セクシュアリティ・イシューに関し、特に興味を持った点を深く考察する。

 

 このジェンダーにどんなの意味があるのだろうか。わざわざ知る必要がそもそもあるのだろうか。お前はどっちなんだと、白か、黒か、灰色か、もしくは玉虫色なのか、ほっといてやれよという印象を受ける。要するに世界中の観念（男・女・性別）にいちいち反応的になるなということである。観念は時・場所・その瞬間によって異なるし、男・女・おかま、同性愛、異性愛など多くのタイプがあるということだけの話だろう。たいていの人間が自分の観念や生きてきた環境・価値観を絶対視しがちである。イスラム教徒の中で育てば、主としてイスラム教徒のようにふるまうだろう。こっちにも選択肢があるよということをわざわざ布教しているようなものである。ほっといてやれよ。

　マイノリティーを尊重するのは当たり前の前提である。ところがこの世はマジョリティーのために運営されており、利益の再配分が行われている社会システムが継続している。あえて、マイノリティーを主張して、マジョリティーに抵抗するという思想に向かわせるのではなく、そういうことがある程度にとどめていくことが大切なのではないか。

お前は少し間違っているよとわざわざ突っ込みをいれるような印象を受け、おせっかいな感じがジェンダーやフェミニズム活動で生計を立てている団体や、あえてめんどくさい人になって、他人に迷惑をかけているような人間になっていないか、自分自身を見つめなおす良い機会になっている。

(約597文字)

 

 

授業予定

１．資料の解説

２．課題シェア、グループ討議

３．まとめ