ICJ, イスラエルに対してガザでの軍事活動の停止を命令（南ア対イスラエル）

ジェノサイド条約の適用に関する、南ア対イスラエル事件において、国際司法裁判所が、イスラエルに対してガザでの軍事活動の停止を命令しました。決定の本文はこちらです。

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (Sou

裁判所は、既に出ている2024年1月26日、3月28日の仮保全措置命令の実施を求めた後、次のように命令を出しました。

Immediately halt its military offensive, and any other action in the Rafah Governorate, which may inflict on the Palestinian group in Gaza conditions of life that could bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
Maintain open the Rafah crossing for unhindered provision at scale of urgently needed basic services and humanitarian assistance;
Take effective measures to ensure the unimpeded access to the Gaza Strip of any commission of inquiry, fact-finding mission or other investigative body mandated by competent organs of the United Nations to investigate allegations of genocide; … 

https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240524-ord-01-00-en.pdf

ICJ規則76条で事情の幾らかの変更があれば仮保全措置を変更破棄できるとされていますが、ガザの惨状に鑑みその変更があったと認定されています。

28. The Court notes that the catastrophic humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip which, as stated in its Order of 26 January 2024, was at serious risk of deteriorating, has deteriorated, and has done so even further since the Court adopted its Order of 28 March 2024. In this regard, the Court
observes that the concerns that it expressed in its decision communicated to the Parties on 16 February 2024 with respect to the developments in Rafah have materialized, and that the humanitarian situation is now to be characterized as disastrous. After weeks of intensification of
military bombardments of Rafah, where more than a million Palestinians had fled as a result of Israeli evacuation orders covering more than three quarters of Gaza’s entire territory, on 6 May 2024, nearly 100,000 Palestinians were ordered by Israel to evacuate the eastern portion of Rafah and relocate to the Al-Mawasi and Khan Younis areas ahead of a planned military offensive. The military ground offensive in Rafah, which Israel started on 7 May 2024, is still ongoing and has led to new evacuation
orders. As a result, according to United Nations reports, nearly 800,000 people have been displaced from Rafah as at 18 May 2024.
29. The Court considers that the above-mentioned developments, which are exceptionally grave, in particular the military offensive in Rafah and the resulting repeated large-scale displacement of the already extremely vulnerable Palestinian population in the Gaza Strip, constitute a change in the situation within the meaning of Article 76 of the Rules of Court.

そして、イスラエルの文民の退避とその安全を確保するためのその他の措置は、ラファへの軍事攻撃の結果パレスチナ人民に生じる切迫したリスクを軽減するのに十分ではないとして、結論に至っています。

ICJは、ジェノサイド条約によって保護される基本的な価値に照らして、回復不可能な損害を引き起こしうる蓋然性のある権利（the plausible rights）として、「ガザ地区のパレスチナ人がジェノサイド条約第3条で特定されたジェノサイド行為および関連する禁止行為から保護される権利と、南アフリカが同条約に基づくイスラエルの義務の遵守を求める権利」を示しています（1月24日決定・66段落；3月28日決定・27段落）。

なお、主文57(2)(a)段落の読み方については、NolteとAurescu裁判官が個別意見を付しています。ジェノサイド条約の義務に違反しうる軍事行動を停止するべきなのか、あるいはガザ地区ラファにおいて全ての軍事行動を停止するべきなのかで読み方が分かれるところ、両裁判官は限定的に解釈するべきだという立場です。

South Africa v. Israel
and why lawyering is about words and wording

Two short comments on what is said on social media on today's ICJ Provisional Measures Order:

1. The Court did NOT say that Israel must immediately halt its military operation in Rafah

What the Court said is…

— Stefan Talmon (@StefanTalmon) May 24, 2024

@Verfassungsblog @just_security @juliettemm @mabecker17 @AdHaque110 Let us face it: there would be no #ICJ order on Rafah #GazaGenocide‌ to halt anything if it were not for the after comma part of the sentence of operative para. 57(2)(a)

— Pierre d'Argent (@pierre_dargent) May 26, 2024

それから、各国の反応についてはこちらの便利なまとめがあります。

Reactions to the ICJ's Order for Additional Provisional Measures in South Africa v. Israel 🧵

— Alonso Gurmendi (@Alonso_GD) May 24, 2024

SNSでいろんな情報が取れて便利な時代です。