Final version research treatise 〜What is Thermodynamic entropy? Conclusion on the question.〜

" In this treatise, I, Hiromattsun, Koichi Matsuo tackled the super-difficult problem of Thermodynamic entropy, which is called the greatest mystery of the 20th century, and led to the full elucidation. That is this paper to be published on this occasion.

If you read this treatise to the end, what is thermodynamic entropy? But I'm sure you can understand it. I hope you enjoy reading it. "

　


〜The treatise〜 "What is Thermodynamic entropy? Conclusion about the question （What I learned from my approach to superconductivity）"

§ What is thermodynamic entropy that takes a positive value?

Thermodynamic entropy

⊿S ＝ ⊿Q / T ＝ ⊿kWh / T

It is defined in, but considering the case where the time at this time is h1 = 0 hours and h2 = 1 hour, and T takes a value that approaches zero 0 as much as possible,

⊿kWh ＝ kWh2-kWh1 ＝ kW2 [kW] ・ 1 [h] − 0 ＝ kWh2 [kWh],

Because T = lim (T → 0) T

∴⊿S ＝ kWh2 [kWh] / lim (T → 0) T [K]

Is expressed as.

At this time, considering that kWh2 [kWh] takes a certain positive value, the value of ⊿S can be an infinitely large value.

In other words, the change in entropy is thought to approach infinity, right? When the entropy change approaches infinity, it means that the change becomes very likely to occur, right?

In other words, I think that the result of this formula means a superconducting phenomenon.

The third law of thermodynamics states that "the entropy of a perfect crystal gradually decreases and becomes zero as it approaches absolute zero." This means that good conductor metals are not perfect crystals (ductility and malleability), so I suspect that such a result could actually occur.

The meaning of this formula is that the value of the entropy change at a temperature as close to absolute zero as possible becomes an infinitely large value. In other words, at temperatures as close to absolute zero as possible, the work of electric energy is relatively easy to obtain.

In other words, it is considered to mean that it is possible to cause the phenomenon of superconductivity in a cryogenic world.

It is an undeniable fact that the thermodynamic entropy increases infinitely as the temperature approaches absolute zero, but it is also true that chemical reactions become less likely to occur as the temperature decreases. ..

The reason is that the thermal motion of the molecule becomes smaller as the temperature decreases, and it becomes difficult to obtain the activation energy required for the reaction. But does that mean that as the temperature drops, physical reactions such as charge transfer become more likely to occur?

It is probably because the thermal motion of the molecules of a substance is a resistance to physical reactions such as the transfer of electric charges.

Considering that the thermodynamic entropy is a value obtained by dividing a change in calorific value by a constant absolute temperature (or a value obtained by dividing a change in power quantity by a constant absolute temperature), it is a state quantity. In an ultra-high temperature world, the thermal motion of the molecules of a substance becomes very intense and the resistance becomes very large, so physical reactions such as electron movement rarely occur, only chemical reactions can occur, and the temperature is intermediate. Then, the chemical reaction and the physical reaction maintain an equilibrium state at a constant temperature, but in the world of ultra-low temperature absolute zero, the thermal motion of the molecule of the substance is almost eliminated and the resistance is almost eliminated. It is considered to mean that physical reactions such as movement are likely to occur.

Also, when an electric current flows through a metal, energy is generated due to friction due to the movement of electrons, so it will generate heat.

Also, it should be kept in mind that a magnetic field called a magnetic field is always generated when a physical reaction such as electric charge transfer occurs.

Here, considering that positive thermodynamic entropy is a state quantity representing the temperature equilibrium between a chemical reaction and a physical reaction,

• Positive thermodynamic entropy is a state quantity that represents the likelihood of a chemical reaction and a physical reaction, and is a state quantity that represents the degree of equilibrium between the two reactions.

• If the positive entropy takes an infinitely large value, only a physical reaction occurs, and conversely, if the positive entropy takes an infinitely small value, only a chemical reaction occurs. If you take a value in between, it is possible that both can occur.

Based on all of these things, it can be said that the chemical reaction and the physical reaction are opposite reactions, and that the reaction has an equilibrium state due to absolute temperature.

In the ultra-high temperature world, the reaction between substances is the ultimate form of chemical reaction, nuclear fusion will occur continuously, and enormous light energy will be released continuously.

As an example of this, the sun has an ultra-high temperature of 6000 degrees or higher, in which a large amount of helium, which is a rare gas, is present, and a huge amount of light energy is emitted by the continuous fusion reaction of the helium. It is said that there is.

And, in the ultra-low temperature world, I think that very large and continuous electric energy can be obtained as superconductivity, which is the ultimate form of physical reaction.

Until now, the definition formula for entropy

⊿S ＝ ⊿Q / T ＝ ⊿kWh / T

I have considered the case of taking the limit value of the absolute temperature T [K], which is the denominator of the fractions on the two right sides of, but the numerator of the fractions on the two right sides, ⊿Q (change in calorific value) and ⊿kWh ( Is it necessary to consider the case where (change in electric energy) takes an extreme value?

However, before considering the limit value of the numerator of the two right-hand fractions of the definition formula of entropy ⊿S ＝ ⊿Q / T ＝ ⊿kWh / T, I would like to think about the properties of matter.

For example, there are substances that easily transfer heat, substances that do not easily transfer heat, good conductors of electricity, and non-conductors. Typical substances that easily conduct electricity are metals, carbon, and liquid molecules of polar substances, and they also easily transfer heat.

Semiconductors are substances that have the property of conducting electricity as the temperature rises.

Substances that do not conduct electricity and do not easily transfer heat include crystals and powders of pure substances other than carbon, polymer polymers (plastics), and foamed styrol.

I think that gas substances, glass, pottery, etc. can be mentioned as things that can easily transfer heat but do not normally carry electricity.

I think that the relationship between these physical properties and entropy is very important for describing the values ​​of the molecules on the two right sides of the entropy definition formula.

In other words, it is necessary to consider that there are substances that easily transmit energy and substances that do not easily transmit energy, which is very important when discussing thermodynamic entropy.

It is because it can be understood from the definition formula of entropy that thermodynamic entropy takes a clearly different value depending on the physical properties of a substance that easily transmits heat and electric energy and a substance that does not easily transmit heat and electricity.

And it can be said that the value of the numerator of the fraction on the right side of the definition formula of entropy is a value that depends on the properties of those substances.

In addition, the third law of thermodynamics states that "the entropy of a perfect crystal gradually decreases and becomes zero as it approaches absolute zero." For a perfect crystal, the absolute value of entropy can be defined.

However, it is said that this rule cannot be applied to substances with some incompleteness.

This is a substance in which the value of the numerator of the fraction on the right side is originally small in the definition formula of entropy, and there is almost no change in calorific value or electric energy, that is, a substance that is extremely stable in energy (including perfect crystals). Because I am saying that.

In other words, even among imperfect substances (substances such as metals that easily transmit energy), I think that the rules I have described so far can be applied.

It can be said that the physical reaction and the chemical reaction are opposite reactions in the imperfect substance that easily transmits energy, and the positive thermodynamic entropy is the physical reaction. It means that the degree of chemical reaction is shown as the state quantity of the substance. When the positive thermodynamic entropy is large, the physical reaction is likely to occur, and when the positive thermodynamic entropy is small, the chemical reaction is likely to occur. I think it can be said.

And, at the limit value of the thermodynamic entropy (when approaching infinitely infinitely or approaching zero infinitely), the maximum energy in each opposite pole reaction (physical reaction and chemical reaction) is It is thought to mean that it is obtained or that the maximum energy is released.

However, this may not be an actual law because we are only considering the case where the temperature takes the limit value and the change in the amount of heat and the change in the amount of electricity are constant. Then, it may be necessary to consider the case where the absolute temperature takes the limit value and the case where the temperature is constant and the change in heat quantity or the change in electric energy takes the limit value.

However, when the temperature is constant and the change in calorific value and the change in electric energy, which are the molecules on the right side of the entropy definition formula, become large or small, the contents have been discussed extensively by other people. Since it can be judged, it seems that it is not necessary to discuss it here, but here I will discuss the case where the molecule on the right side of the entropy definition formula is infinitely large and the case where it is infinitely small, that is, the case where it takes an extreme value. I will try it.

From the definition formula of entropy, the case where the numerator of the fraction on the right side takes the limit value can be expressed by the following formula.

① ΔS ＝ lim (ΔQ → ♾) ΔQ [J] / lim (T → 0) T [K]
= Lim (ΔkWh → ♾) ΔkWh [kWh] / lim (T → 0) T [K]

② ΔS ＝ lim (ΔQ → 0) ΔQ [J] / lim (T → 0) T [K]
= Lim (ΔkWh → 0) ΔkWh [kWh] / lim (T → 0) T [K]

In this case, the case of ① is not actually possible, so I would like to refrain from discussing it here.

Regarding case (2), it is necessary to discuss it because it is actually possible with a perfect crystal.

In case of (2), the change in calorific value and the change in electric energy are infinitely small, so the thermodynamic entropy approaches an infinitely small value in this case.


And in this case, the absolute value can be defined.

In other words, if expressed in a formula,

∴ ③ l ΔS l = lim (ΔQ → 0) ΔQ / lim (T → 0) T

= Lim (ΔkWh → 0) ΔkWh / lim (T → 0) T

(However, ΔkWh <T)

Will be.

This formula ③ can be said to be the formula of the third law of thermodynamic entropy.

In other words, this formula expresses that if the molecule on the right side of the entropy definition formula takes an infinitely small value, the absolute value of entropy can be defined and can be zero in a perfect crystal.

In other words, this equation expresses the third law of thermodynamics, "The entropy of a perfect crystal gradually decreases and becomes zero as it approaches absolute zero."

And in other words, this case is the same as that discussed in the Third Law of Thermodynamics, so it is not necessary to discuss it here.

§ What is entropy that takes a negative value?

Next, consider the entropy that takes a negative value. In thermodynamics, there is a convention that when there is energy release from the inside of the system to the surroundings, or when work is applied from the surroundings of the system to the inside of the system, it is represented by a negative value. Now, let's bring up the definition formula of entropy.

⊿S ＝ ⊿Q [J] / T [K] ＝ ⊿kWh [kWh] / T [K]

In this definition formula of entropy, taking a negative value cannot be negative with respect to absolute temperature, so it is only necessary to consider the case where the change in heat quantity or the change in electric energy becomes negative.

In this case as well, I think we can think of it in the same way as positive entropy. However, when the entropy is negative, it is considered that energy is released to the periphery of the system, or work is applied from the periphery of the system to the inside of the system.

And the energy release to the surroundings of the system and the negative entropy of the work received from the surroundings also depend on the magnitude of the temperature.

In other words, a state where the entropy is negative and small is a state where the temperature is very high, that is, a chemical change causes a small amount of energy to be released to the surroundings of the system, or a small amount of work is applied from the outside of the system to the inside of the system. Is.

The entropy value at this time takes a small value in the negative direction.

On the contrary, a state where the entropy is negative and large is a state where the temperature is very low, that is, a physical reaction causes a large amount of energy to be released to the periphery of the system, or a large amount of work is applied from the periphery of the system to the inside. Is.

At this time, the negative entropy value is negative and takes a large value.

However, since such very strange chemical or physical reactions are unlikely to occur in practice, negative entropy is said to be a value that represents a state that is not possible in practice. is not it?

This is inconsistent with this fact, because a chemical reaction can do a lot of work to the outside of the system, and a physical reaction can allow energy to flow from the outside of the system to the inside of the system. Because it is.

There are three ways when entropy takes a negative value.

One is when the entropy magnitude itself takes a negative value, the other is when the entropy with a positive magnitude works from around the system to the inside, and the other is positive. There are three cases where entropy with magnitude releases energy to the surroundings of the system.

There are also five types of entropy that take positive values.

One is when the entropy magnitude itself takes a positive value, and the other is when the positive entropy does work from the inside to the surroundings of the system and from the periphery to the inside of the system. When there is an influx of energy, and another is when entropy with a negative magnitude works from the periphery of the system to the inside, and when it releases energy from the inside of the system to the surroundings. There are five ways.

However, it is considered that the entropy in a normal reaction always takes only a positive value.

It is correct to think that entropy always takes a positive value in a normal reaction, because the nature of a substance is that a substance always has a mass, and that mass cannot be ignored. Let's go.

Since the entropy in this case is the entropy caused by the internal energy of the substance, it will be referred to as the internal entropy here.

　Also, since the magnitude of entropy depends on the magnitude of the internal energy of a substance, it is better to think that it always takes a positive value.


　Here, if the case where the internal entropy is defined is described, it is conceivable that the internal entropy of the substance goes in and out of the system.

However, it is unlikely that the original magnitude of internal entropy will have a negative value. And in this case, when taking a negative entropy, when the positive internal entropy of a substance works from the periphery of the system to the inside, and when it releases energy from the inside of the system to the surroundings. There are only two ways.


Similarly, when taking positive entropy, when the positive internal entropy of a substance works from the inside of the system to the surroundings, and when energy flows from the surroundings of the system to the inside of the system. There are two possibilities.


Let's think about this.


When the entropy takes a negative value, that is, when the positive internal entropy of a substance works from the periphery of the system to the interior, and when the energy is released from the inside of the system to the periphery. Since it is defined as negative by the entropy convention, this is the case where some force is applied from the outside to the inside of the system and the release in the form of thermal energy to the surroundings of the system. It is thought that some kind of force at this time means magnetic force.

I think that the evidence to support this is nothing but the phenomenon that when an electric current flows through an electric wire, a magnetic field is always generated by a magnetic field and heat is released at the same time.

In other words, the principle of magnetic force and heat generated by the magnetic field that is always generated when an electric current flows through an electric wire can be explained by discussing negative entropy.

And, since the magnetic force when the entropy is negative is a negative element itself, the magnetic force in that case always has an attractive force.

In other words, the magnetic force represented by negative entropy always becomes an attractive force.

In other words, we think that the negative entropy represents the work from the outside of the system to the inside of the system and the release of thermal energy to the outside of the system due to the attractive force of magnetic force. be able to.

That fact is in perfect agreement with the convention for the negative representation of thermodynamic entropy.

In other words, it can be said that the phenomenon that a magnetic field is always generated when an electric current is passed through an electric wire and heat is released at the same time is a phenomenon brought about by the negative entropy itself.


Also, when the entropy takes a positive value, a substance having a positive internal entropy performs expansion work by thermal energy toward the periphery of the system, and from the periphery of the system to the inside of the system. It seems to mean that thermal energy flows in.

And the magnetic force becomes a repulsive force if it is the same pole, and an attractive force if it is a different pole.

In other words, if the work is of the same pole, the repulsive force works, so the work is from the inside of the system to the outside, so the range of work can be infinite, so the value is positive in thermodynamics.

If the forces of different poles work, the work is done as a suction force, so only a certain range of work can be done, and the value at that time is negative in thermodynamics.

Also, in this case, the energy of the remaining work is considered to be released from the inside of the system to the surroundings in the form of heat energy.

Also, note that work and fever usually take positive values.

This means that the thermodynamic entropy is a value due to the internal energy of the substance.

In other words, since a substance always has internal energy, it is usually considered that the thermodynamic entropy itself also takes a positive value.

Also, since a substance actually has electric charges such as electrons and protons, and because a magnetic field is always generated where the electric charges move, it is easy to consider the relationship between the energy of magnetic force and entropy. I think it can be done.

And that is because even inside the substance, the electrons are spinning while spinning the orbits of the electrons, so it is thought that a magnetic field also exists inside the substance.

And, it is considered that the negative entropy represents the work from the outside of the system to the inside of the system and the release of thermal energy to the outside of the system due to the attractive force due to the magnetic force. Can be done.

Considering these assumptions and facts, the magnitude of positive and negative entropy is always 0≤⊿S because it is due to the internal energy of the substance.

And the positive entropy represents the entropy in the reaction of a normal substance, and the value shows the amount of energy that can be taken out by the normal reaction at a constant temperature, and the negative entropy represents the amount of energy that can be taken out in the reaction involving magnetic force. It represents entropy, and its value is considered to indicate the amount of energy that can be extracted by a magnetic reaction at a constant temperature.



Here, once again, I would like to mention here what the negative entropy represents.

Negative entropy is said to represent the likelihood of reactions that cannot occur.

In other words, the fact that the negative entropy increases in the negative direction to the limit value means that reactions that cannot occur are extremely likely to occur.

However, since it is a reaction that cannot actually occur, it cannot occur under any circumstances.

However, if negative entropy represents the amount of energy that can be extracted in a magnetic reaction, thermodynamics represents negative energy when there is energy emission from the inside of the system to the surroundings, or in the system. Explanation that it is possible to actually occur such a reaction that is said to be impossible in reality, considering that the magnetic force is the true nature of negative entropy because it is the case where work is applied from the surroundings to the inside of the system. Will be easy to do.


For example, considering a piston system made of gas-filled iron, when work is applied from the outside to the inside of the system, the piston moves to compress the gas inside, but such a reaction Can actually occur even if the entropy is a negative value due to the attractive force of the magnetic force acting between the piston and the piston wall.

And if there is energy release outside the system, the heat energy generated by the transfer of electric charge escapes to the outside of the system, so even if the entropy value is negative, it can actually occur.

In fact, in the phenomenon that a magnetic field is generated when a current flows through an electric wire and heat is released at the same time, if the negative entropy represents the amount of energy that can be extracted by the attractive force due to the magnetic force and the release of thermal energy. For example, it is a reasonable idea that the increase in negative entropy in the negative direction indicates that the attractive force due to the magnetic force and the likelihood of the release of thermal energy increase.

Then, in the above piston system, if an electric current is passed from the lower part of the piston system to the upper part and an electric current is passed, the force of magnetic force is applied to the piston in the direction of compressing the gas according to the right-handed screw law and Fleming's left-hand rule. Since it works, the force of such a magnetic force acts on the piston, and it is considered that the force seems to apply work from the outside to the inside of the system.

From such a thing, the state quantity of negative entropy can actually be explained.

And when the current flows, heat is always released at the same time, so the negative entropy can be explained well by this as well. In other words, it can be considered that the explanation that the negative entropy represents the attractive force and the release of thermal energy by the magnetic force and represents the amount of energy that can be extracted in the reaction is correct.

Also, when a current flows through an electric wire, the substance always has internal energy, so it has internal entropy, and the attractive force and thermal energy due to the magnetic force caused by the internal entropy are generated by the friction of electrons due to the current. Since it generates negative entropy, it can be proved by discussing negative entropy that the energy of work of attractive force by magnetic force and the energy of heat are generated at the same time.

Then, here, I would like to explain why a magnetic field is always generated when an electric current flows through an electric wire, and that magnetic field brings an attractive force and at the same time releases heat.

The reason is that when the current flows, the current does not flow unless electrons and holes appear alternately.

In other words, in that case, negative and positive charges will appear alternately.

And, due to the negative and positive charges, attractive force works between different signs, so the magnetic field generated when the current flows always brings attractive force.

And since there is resistance even when electrons flow, it is thought that heat is generated by the friction at that time.

In other words, since the phenomenon itself represents the negative entropy itself, the phenomenon in which an attractive force due to a magnetic field is always generated when a current flows through an electric wire and heat is generated at the same time is the true nature of the negative entropy. To conclude.

And from this, it can be predicted that the magnetic force due to the electric current will weaken because the friction of electrons due to the electric current will be almost eliminated at extremely low temperatures.


In other words, the true nature of negative thermodynamic entropy is a state quantity that can be explained in the field of electromagnetics, and is a state quantity that represents the amount of energy that can be extracted in the work performed by the attractive force of magnetic force and the release of thermal energy. I reach a conclusion.

And, to summarize what has been explained so far, the thermodynamic entropy is a state quantity indicating the amount of energy that can be extracted as energy in the reaction of a substance at each constant temperature, and the positive thermodynamic entropy is What is represented is a state quantity that represents the degree of temperature equilibrium between the likelihood of physical and chemical reactions, and what is represented by negative thermodynamic entropy is the work performed by the attractive force of magnetic force. It shows the degree of entropy of heat energy release, and shows the phenomenon that a magnetic field is always generated when a current flows through an electric wire, and also shows the total amount of work and heat energy that can be extracted in the magnetic reaction. We come to the conclusion that it is a quantity.

And, at extremely low temperatures, the phenomenon that it becomes difficult to obtain magnetic force with permanent magnets etc. occurs in the world of extremely low temperatures because the thermal motion of substance atoms weakens as the temperature drops, so it is a group that produces magnetic force. It is thought that this is due to the fact that it becomes difficult to obtain electron.

In other words, when electrons rub, it can be thought that the energy of magnetic force and heat are generated at the same time.

That is, since electrons are particles that originally have energy, it is the true nature of magnetic force that the energy is expressed by the friction of electrons.

And friction can also generate heat at the same time.

It is because of the fact that the magnetic force gradually weakens in the extremely low temperature world, and the reason is that the resistance due to molecular motion becomes extremely weak in the extremely low temperature world, so it can be easily determined that the friction of electrons itself will also decrease. From these factual relationships, it is easy to think that the friction of electrons is the source of the magnetic force.

Also, in thermodynamic entropy, the concept of entropy is thermodynamic because the positive entropy represents the likelihood of a reaction and the negative entropy represents the likelihood of an impossible reaction. It can be judged that this is because the amount was in a state that could not be explained only in the field.

　

In other words, since the phenomenon itself represents the negative entropy itself, the phenomenon in which an attractive force due to a magnetic field is always generated when a current flows through an electric wire and heat is generated at the same time is the true nature of the negative entropy. To conclude.

In other words, when electrons rub, it can be thought that the energy of magnetic force and heat are generated at the same time.

In other words, since electrons are particles that originally have energy, it can be said that the energy is expressed by the friction of electrons as the true nature of magnetic force.

And friction can also generate heat at the same time.

In other words, since the phenomenon itself represents the negative entropy itself, the phenomenon that the attractive force due to the magnetic field is always generated when the current flows through the electric wire and the heat is generated at the same time is the negative thermodynamic entropy. I came to the conclusion that it was the very identity. "

In other words, what I have made a new discovery is that I have found that the phenomenon that always generates a magnetic field and heat when an electric current flows through an electric wire is the negative thermodynamic entropy itself.

And again, the negative thermodynamic entropy represents a phenomenon that can occur only by a physical reaction. That is, in a chemical reaction, negative thermodynamic entropy cannot occur.

This is because there may be resistance in a chemical reaction, but the phenomenon of continuous electron friction such as electric current does not actually occur.

Therefore, in the thermodynamic entropy in the chemical reaction, the negative entropy represented a state that could not occur.

However, in the thermodynamic entropy in a physical reaction, when a current flows through an electric wire, a magnetic field is always generated, an attractive force is generated by the magnetic force, and at the same time, a negative thermodynamic entropy is actually generated as a phenomenon that generates heat. It has been proved that it can happen in.

In other words, it is proved from this fact that thermodynamic entropy is not a concept but a real state quantity.



This is the final conclusion I have drawn about thermodynamic entropy.

From these facts, since the reaction by magnetic force is also a physical reaction, it is very easy to obtain electric energy in the low temperature world, so it is thought that power generation and power transmission by magnetic force reaction will be easy.

For example, if I use a permanent magnet to create a magnetic flow generator that creates a flow of liquid (liquid nitrogen, etc.) to generate electricity, and generate electricity, I can obtain an infinite amount of large electrical energy. I would like to make a final note here.

And what can be said about the calorific value Q is that the calorific value Q is also energy and is expressed in kWh, so it can be said that it is a state quantity. This can also be proved from the necessary and sufficient conditions, which are the actual mathematical theories.

Also, from this paper, you can see that each reaction has a resistance, and that resistance is also the source of energy generation.


And the results of this treatise extend not only to the fields of natural science (physical, chemical, astronomical), but also to economics, electronic engineering, and financial engineering. I can't stop believing.

that's all
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Note 1: Originally, it is correct to discuss with ⊿Q = ⊿ (W ・ s), but here I dared to think about it with kWh. In other words, in order to actually discuss in kWh, it is necessary to consider a constant of 3,600,000, so in order to make it easier to understand, I omitted that constant.

Note 2: If the sufficient condition is that the calorific value Q is equivalent to the electric energy kWh and the necessary condition is that the electric energy kWh is the state quantity in energy, then the sufficient condition + the necessary condition = the necessary and sufficient condition. Therefore, the calorific value Q is energy and is a state quantity equivalent to kWh. Therefore, it can be said that the calorific value Q is also the state quantity as well as the electric energy kWh.

The change in entropy is represented by the change in the amount of heat applied at a certain temperature. Expressed as an expression.

DS = dQ / T [J / K]

When the temperature T is shifted to the left side, the meaning of the equation is that the change in entropy at a certain temperature represents the change in the amount of heat. In other words

　DS ・ T = dQ

If you integrate this (1) can be expressed as follows. ‥


　ST = Q2-Q1 [J] ... (1)

The meaning of this formula is that the product of a certain temperature and entropy is a change in the amount of heat. Also, since the temperature is defined as constant, it is not necessary to integrate the temperature T.


Here, if the change in the amount of heat is replaced with kWh, equation.

ST = kWh2-kWh1

∴ S = ⊿kWh / T [kWh / K]

The meaning of this formula is that the change in electric energy at a certain temperature is entropy. That is, it is proved by this calculation result that the state quantity of the uncertain element of entropy is actually a measurable state quantity.

In other words, entropy is not a concept, but an actual state quantity.

And since the calorific value Q can also be measured in the form of enthalpy, it can be said that it is an actual state quantity equivalent to kWh.
　

And, the fact that negative thermodynamic entropy cannot occur in a chemical reaction and can occur in a physical reaction means that there is something that resists the reaction in a chemical reaction, but in fact, electron friction. It seems that this is due to the fact that this phenomenon does not occur.

In other words, I think that this is because a kind of accident called electron friction causes negative thermodynamic entropy.



I am very pleased that this has led to a conclusion on the very esoteric discipline of thermodynamics. For one thing, even if you say scholarship, you cannot say that it is scholarship just by studying, and scholarship is established through research. I think this should be understood well.

Write at home where I can see Mt. Fuji beautifully. ‥

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
Graduated in March 1994 Bachelor of Science Koichi Matsuo


Reference:

New Edition Introduction to Thermal Calculation I-Basics of Thermodynamics-Masaaki Oya, published by Energy Conservation Center

New Edition Castelão Physical Chemistry Volume 1 Meguro Kenjiro / Mori Nobuo Co-translation Tokyo Kagaku Dojin