手を動かすPostgreSQL③-データファイルあれこれ-
前回のあらすじ
前回はPostgreSQLのデータベースクラスタを覗いてみましたが、データベースファイルによくわからない数字のファイルしかありませんでした。
データベースディレクトリの対応させ方
結論から言ってしまうと、このディレクトリの数字はdatidという一意の数字で、データベース名(datname)と1対1で対応しています。
ossdb=# SELECT datid, datname FROM pg_stat_database;を打ち込むと、
datid | datname
-------+-----------
0 |
14034 | postgres
16385 | ossdb
1 | template1
14033 | template0
(5 rows)こんな感じでデータベースとディレクトリのidを対応させることでどのディレクトリが自分の探しているものなのかが分かります。
テーブルファイルの対応させ方
ということで、次はデータベースのデータを格納しているファイルを見てみましょう。
ossdb=# \q
% cd /usr/local/var/postgresql@14/base/16385
% ls一度抜けて、ossdbデータベースのディレクトリのファイルを表示してみます。
112 2653 3433
113 2654 3439
1247 2655 3440
1247_fsm 2656 3455
1247_vm 2657 3456
1249 2658 3456_fsm
1249_fsm 2659 3456_vm
1249_vm 2660 3466
1255 2661 3467
1255_fsm 2662 3468
1255_vm 2663 3501
1259 2664 3502
1259_fsm 2665 3503
1259_vm 2666 3534
13852 2667 3541
13852_fsm 2668 3541_fsm
13852_vm 2669 3541_vm
13855 2670 3542
13856 2673 3574
13857 2673_fsm 3575
13857_fsm 2674 3576
13857_vm 2674_fsm 3596
13860 2675 3597
13861 2678 3598
13862 2679 3599
13862_fsm 2680 3600
13862_vm 2681 3600_fsm
13865 2682 3600_vm
13866 2683 3601
13867 2684 3601_fsm
13867_fsm 2685 3601_vm
13867_vm 2686 3602
13870 2687 3602_fsm
13871 2688 3602_vm
1417 2689 3603
1418 2690 3603_fsm
174 2691 3603_vm
175 2692 3604
2187 2693 3605
2224 2696 3606
2228 2699 3607
2328 2701 3608
2336 2702 3609
2337 2703 3712
2579 2704 3764
2600 2753 3764_fsm
2600_fsm 2753_fsm 3764_vm
2600_vm 2753_vm 3766
2601 2754 3767
2601_fsm 2755 3997
2601_vm 2756 4143
2602 2757 4144
2602_fsm 2830 4145
2602_vm 2831 4146
2603 2832 4147
2603_fsm 2833 4148
2603_vm 2834 4149
2604 2835 4150
2605 2836 4151
2605_fsm 2836_fsm 4152
2605_vm 2836_vm 4153
2606 2837 4154
2606_fsm 2838 4155
2606_vm 2838_fsm 4156
2607 2838_vm 4157
2607_fsm 2839 4158
2607_vm 2840 4159
2608 2840_fsm 4160
2608_fsm 2840_vm 4163
2608_vm 2841 4164
2609 2995 4165
2609_fsm 2996 4166
2609_vm 3079 4167
2610 3079_fsm 4168
2610_fsm 3079_vm 4169
2610_vm 3080 4170
2611 3081 4171
2612 3085 4172
2612_fsm 3118 4173
2612_vm 3119 4174
2613 3164 5002
2615 3256 548
2615_fsm 3257 549
2615_vm 3258 6102
2616 32773 6104
2616_fsm 32773_fsm 6106
2616_vm 32773_vm 6110
2617 32787 6111
2617_fsm 3350 6112
2617_vm 3351 6113
2618 3379 6117
2618_fsm 3380 6175
2618_vm 3381 6176
2619 3394 826
2619_fsm 3394_fsm 827
2619_vm 3394_vm 828
2620 3395 PG_VERSION
2650 3429 pg_filenode.map
2651 3430 pg_internal.init
2652 3431…山のような数字のファイル(たまによくわからん英語が下についてるやつ)が出てきました。これらは何のファイルと対応しているのでしょうか…という話ですが、これらはpg_classで確認できます。
ossdb=# SELECT relname,oid,relfilenode from pg_class ORDER BY relfilenode;これを実行すると
relname | oid | relfilenode
-----------------------------------------------+-------+-------------
pg_class_relname_nsp_index | 2663 | 0
pg_database_oid_index | 2672 | 0
pg_authid_rolname_index | 2676 | 0
pg_authid_oid_index | 2677 | 0
・
・
・
pg_attribute_relid_attnam_index | 2658 | 0
pg_class_tblspc_relfilenode_index | 3455 | 0
table_constraints | 13872 | 0
pg_database_datname_index | 2671 | 0
pg_foreign_data_wrapper_oid_index | 112 | 112
pg_foreign_server_oid_index | 113 | 113
pg_user_mapping_oid_index | 174 | 174
pg_user_mapping_user_server_index | 175 | 175
pg_foreign_data_wrapper_name_index | 548 | 548
pg_foreign_server_name_index | 549 | 549
pg_default_acl | 826 | 826
pg_default_acl_role_nsp_obj_index | 827 | 827
pg_default_acl_oid_index | 828 | 828
pg_foreign_server | 1417 | 1417
pg_user_mapping | 1418 | 1418
のような結果になるので、これで名前との対応づけができます。
しかし、しかし、pg_classのファイル名を指していそうな列にはoidとrelfilenodeの2つがありますが、これはどちらが正しい割り当て先なのでしょうか…という問題ですが、これはrelfilenodeです。relfilenodeは実際のディスクのファイル名を指していて、ファイルがない場合には0を指します。対してoidは内部的なidを意味しているので、データベースをいじった際に再割り当てされることもあります。
また、_fsmはFree Space Map(利用可能な領域を継続的に追跡するファイル)、_vmはVisibility Map(トランザクションから可視であるかどうかを表示するファイル)を指しています。
では、最後にテーブルファイルを確認しましょう。先程取得した適当なファイルを閲覧してみます。
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'??H '??H '??H '??H '??H '??H '??H '??H '??H '?% …文字化けしてしまいました。
UTF-8でエンコーディングされていないのでしょうか。
いずれにせよ実ファイルを触る機会はそれこそ一部のファイルが破壊された時の最終手段くらいなのでおよそ使用しない知識ではありますが、データベースの名前とディレクトリのidが対応できるくらいになっておくとデータベースクラスタに親しみやすくなるかもしれません。
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