アラン・ページ・フィスク(Alan Page Fiske)の社会的関係性の4つのモデル

アラン・ページ・フィスク(Alan Page Fiske)の社会的関係性の4つのモデルというのが気になって調べてみたが、日本語の記事がなかったので残しておく。

フィスクは、人と人との関係性は4パターンに分類できると主張していて、それが、以下の4つだ。

1. 同族と考える関係性 (Communal Sharing)

CSはその関係性が社会そのものであると考えている。例えば、何かを共有している人達とか、激しく愛し合っている二人とか、家族とか、報復のために敵を殺す人とか。

2. 上下のある関係性 (Authority Ranking)

人は非対称なポジションを階層の中で作る。その中で、上司を上司と思えるのであれば、部下が従い、尊敬し、服従する。軍隊の階層や、親孝行、宗教的な階層や、スポーツの順位などだ。本質的には搾取のない、強制的な力の働かない、正当な順位付け。

3. 平等な力関係 (Equality Matching)

人は社会に参画する人のバランスや違いを追跡し、力関係を平等にしようとする。交代制のものとか、選挙制とか、平等な分配や、目には目を歯には歯をの報復方法などが、それにあたる。ルールに則り実施するスポーツやゲーム、共同の子育てなども。

4.市場による価値付け (Market Pricing)

社会的に意味のある比率、レートによる関係性。価格とか賃金とか利子とか賃料とか、費用対効果の分析とかで決められる関係性。お金が媒体である必要はなく、利己的だったり競争的だったり最大化しようとしたり物質主義的である必要はない。

また、同じ人との関係性も、状況により異なる場合が存在する。

Communal Sharing (CS) is a relationship in which people treat some dyad or group as equivalent and undifferentiated with respect to the social domain in question. Examples are people using a commons (CS with respect to utilization of the particular resource), people intensely in love (CS with respect to their social selves), people who "ask not for whom the bell tolls, for it tolls for thee" (CS with respect to shared suffering and common well-being), or people who kill any member of an enemy group indiscriminately in retaliation for an attack (CS with respect to collective responsibility).
In Authority Ranking (AR) people have asymmetric positions in a linear hierarchy in which subordinates defer, respect, and (perhaps) obey, while superiors take precedence and take pastoral responsibility for subordinates. Examples are military hierarchies (AR in decisions, control, and many other matters), ancestor worship (AR in offerings of filial piety and expectations of protection and enforcement of norms), monotheistic religious moralities (AR for the definition of right and wrong by commandments or will of God), social status systems such as class or ethnic rankings (AR with respect to social value of identities), and rankings such as sports team standings (AR with respect to prestige). AR relationships are based on perceptions of legitimate asymmetries, not coercive power; they are not inherently exploitative (although they may involve power or cause harm).
In Equality Matching relationships people keep track of the balance or difference among participants and know what would be required to restore balance. Common manifestations are turn-taking, one-person one-vote elections, equal share distributions, and vengeance based on an-eye-for-an-eye, a-tooth-for-a-tooth. Examples include sports and games (EM with respect to the rules, procedures, equipment and terrain), baby-sitting coops (EM with respect to the exchange of child care), and restitution in-kind (EM with respect to righting a wrong). 
Market Pricing relationships are oriented to socially meaningful ratios or rates such as prices, wages, interest, rents, tithes, or cost-benefit analyses. Money need not be the medium, and MP relationships need not be selfish, competitive, maximizing, or materialistic—any of the four models may exhibit any of these features. MP relationships are not necessarily individualistic; a family may be the CS or AR unit running a business that operates in an MP mode with respect to other enterprises. Examples are property that can be bought, sold, or treated as investment capital (land or objects as MP), marriages organized contractually or implicitly in terms of costs and benefits to the partners, prostitution (sex as MP), bureaucratic cost-effectiveness standards (resource allocation as MP), utilitarian judgments about the greatest good for the greatest number, or standards of equity in judging entitlements in proportion to contributions (two forms of morality as MP), considerations of "spending time" efficiently, and estimates of expected kill ratios (aggression as MP).

出典元(たぶん、fiskeさん本人の書いた内容)

http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/relmodov.htm