Mistakes in Quantum Mechanics as Seen from the History of Science (3)
At present, the distribution of orbital electrons is calculated.
Although the surface of atoms can be observed with an interatomic microscope, it is not possible to directly observe the state of electrons in their orbits. The states of orbital electrons that are known at present are only speculations based on the Schrödinger equation. What kind of mechanism do electrons with jumpy orbits have? I will explain in two parts.
How electromagnetic waves propagate
To explain the quantum leap, we need to take several steps. First, let's think about how electromagnetic waves are transmitted.
Current electromagnetism explains how electromagnetic waves propagate as magnetic and electric fields alternately occur. According to the explanation, there are two types, the case where the electric field and the magnetic field proceed simultaneously and orthogonally, and the case where the electric field and the magnetic field proceed while shifting the phase by 90 degrees. which one is correct?
According to the electromagnetic equation,
Change in electric field → generation of magnetic field
Change in magnetic field → generation of electric field
So, literally, it works like this:
In other words, it is transmitted like B.
However, when B is a minority and the majority, it is often explained by A. I would like to leave the reason why there are many explanations like A for another time, but if we consider the situation at the time when the electromagnetic equation was created here, in 1831 when Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, electrons still existed. I noticed that was not known. To explain electromagnetic induction in terms of electrons, we explained earlier,
Change in magnetic field → generation of electric field
this is wrong
Change in magnetic field → Movement of electrons → Change in electric field
This is the correct understanding. Applying this to the propagation of electromagnetic waves, a change in the electric field causes the surrounding charged particles to move slightly, and the moved charged particles radiate the electric field to the opposite side. This repetition is how electromagnetic waves propagate. In this case, since the magnetic field is generated when the charged particles move, it seems that the electric field and the magnetic field are generated alternately.
The important point here is that the particles acting as the medium are transmitted by the action at a distance. It has been pointed out that action at a distance does not mean infinite speed. According to Dr. Tom Van Flandern of Astronomy, astronomical observations show that the long-range effect of gravity is at least 2x10^10c (m/s). 10c of 2x10 (20 billion times the speed of light) is ridiculously fast, but not infinite. It is expected that the velocity of the electric field is probably of the same order. http://www.ldolphin.org/vanFlandern/gravityspeed.html
Normally, there are a huge number of electrons and ions in the atmosphere and in the vicinity of the solar system. The velocity has dropped to about 300,000 km because it takes time for the charged particles to receive the electric field and regenerate on the other side. Light slows down in liquids to about two-thirds of that in air, which is probably because the density of liquids is higher than that of gases.
This can explain the propagation of electromagnetic waves without assuming a field. Actions at a distance seem to run contrary to modern science, but since they are predictions from astronomical observations, we have no choice but to accept them.
Neutrinos are electromagnetic waves
Now consider the neutrino. The existence of neutrinos was predicted because something small carries away energy when neutrons beta decay. Curiously, neutrinos were originally thought of as particles.
The neutron was discovered in 1931, and was thought to be a composite particle of protons and electrons. Neutrons are thought to be in a state in which electrons are slightly biting into the surface of protons. When the electrons digging into the proton surface are released, the proton surface returns to its original state, generating a minute electric field pulse.
In beta + decay, neutrinos are generated when electrons combine with protons, and in this case as well, the surface of the protons is depressed by an amount corresponding to the size of the electrons—an electric field pulse appears. The generated electric field pulse has a very short wavelength because it corresponds to the size of the electron. Moreover, there is no contradiction if we think that it is an electromagnetic wave that flies away at the speed of light at the moment it is generated.
Neutrino triggers decay
By the way, why do neutrons decay? There is an interesting experiment that investigated neutron decay.
Precise measurement of neutron lifetime Institute for Particle and Universe Origins
Free neutrons are known to undergo beta decay in about 15 minutes, but their lifetimes vary depending on how they are measured.
bellow Cold neutron beam, detecting charged particles that decay while passing through the detector
If the neutrons are stored in a container and the remaining neutrons are counted after a certain period of time, the latter has a significantly longer lifetime than the slow-velocity neutron beam.
What we can see from this experiment is that neutron decay is not due to internal causes, but due to external influences.
There is another interesting experiment.
Evidence for Correlations Between Nuclear Decay Rates and Earth-Sun Distance
36Cl is produced by cosmic ray collisions from atmospheric argon. Its half-life is about 300,000 years, and it changes to 32Si through beta-alpha decay. A close examination of this half-life reveals that it corresponds to changes in the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The shorter the distance from the sun, the shorter the half-life. In this experiment, it is expected that the change in half-life corresponds to the neutrino density.
On Earth, 66 billion neutrinos pass through every 1 cm^2 per second. Accurate measurements of neutron lifetimes suggest that the reason why the lifetime of neutrons stored in a container is short is that more neutrinos collide with neutrons than in beams.
A neutrino is an electromagnetic wave that travels through a medium through an atomic nucleus.
Neutrinos are colliding with neutrons. Not only neutrons, but also protons and neutrinos collide with nuclei, and it is thought that neutrinos propagate through the nucleus to the medium. On very rare occasions when it collides with an electron, it emits light.
So what are the neutrinos doing in such a flood? The standard theory explains that neutrinos rarely interact with other matter. However, it turned out that neutrinos are electromagnetic waves that propagate through the nucleus in this way. For example, in the Kamiokande, there are few electron neutrinos passing through from the other side of the earth, so they argue neutrino oscillations in which neutrinos change.
Neutrino oscillations will be reviewed by considering neutrinos as electromagnetic waves.
Next time, I will consider the mechanism of the quantum leap with neutrinos as electromagnetic waves.
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