スピーキング日誌
ここでは日々のスピーキングの記録を書いていく
侵入音( Intrusive sounds) /w/ /j/ /r/ 接続音声
Go around the fire and fly up the ladder,
then go through a tunnel
->
Go/w/around the fire/r/and fly/j/up the ladder,
then go through/w/a tunnel
/w/
You all - You/w/all
Go under - Go/w/under
/j/
We are - We/j/are
They are - They/j/are
/r/
Fire and - Fire/r/and
More ants - More/r/ants
06:08~
Go/w/out of the library, run down the corridor/r/and through the/j/art room.
Be careful, there/r/is some paint on the floor so go/w/around it.
Oh no! Your teacher is there/r/about to give you/w/an extra/r/ assignment.
Run out the door, sprint across the plaza/r/and go finally/j/into the cafeteria.
Congratulations! Collect your/r/amazing trophy/j/off Tom.
同化(Assimilation) - 接続されたスピーチ
n -> m
I'm in bed -> I'm imbed
London Bridge -> Londombridge
/n/ /d/ -> m
Upton Park -> UptomPark
/s/
Golders Green -> GolderzGreen
他の同化の例
1) Linking
Marble Arch -> MarblArch
2) Linking & weak forms
Elephant & Castle -> ElephantnCastle
3) Intrusion, weak forms & linking
Highbury & Islington -> Highburyn Islington
4) Elision
Westminster -> Wesminster
Elision - 接続された音声
文中の/t/, /d/が抜ける
例えば、Westminster -> Wesminser
文中の/t/が抜ける例
next one -> nex one
Christmas -> Chrismas
I don't have one -> I don have one
post the card -> pos the card
文中の/d/が抜ける例
old car -> ol car
sandwich -> sanwich
fish and chips -> fish an chips
stand there -> stan there
センテンス
What's the most beautiful city you've ever visited?
-> What's the mos beautiful city you've ever visited?
What's the hottest place you've ever been to?
-> What's the hottes place you've ever been to?
Who is the nicest person you know?
-> Who is the nices person you know?
What was your favourite subject at school?
-> What was your favouri subject at school?
Weak forms rhythm and stress(英語の弱形リズムと強弱) - 接続されたスピーチ
英語には強弱のリズムがつく。自分も知っての通り a xx, of xx みたいなあまり重要でない単語は短く発音される。
ただ、強弱とかは特に意識していなくてもElisonをつけて話せば自然なリズムになる。
この単語は弱く、強くとか意識しなくても良い
この動画で、
THIS and THAT and THOSE and THESE
で練習する箇所があった。
これは
THIS n THAT n THOSE n THESE
と発音すれば自然な強弱リズムになる。
Strong and weak forms: can、can't、was、wasn't able to
Can は曖昧母音。これは「kin」と発音すればいい
was able to は wazeible と発音する
Linking consonant sounds to vowel sounds(子音を母音に結びつける)
linking is easy -> linkingzeasy
ten apples ->tenapples
six eggs ->siksegz
I like Asian food ->I laikeisian food
This is my favourite outside area -> Thisis my favouriteoutsidearea.
This is my favourite outside area. Hampstead Heath is an amazing park, and one of the highest points in London. You can feed the ducks at the many pounds, explore some of the woods, relax on the open fields, and get a great view of downtown London. After walking around the park you can stop in Hampstead and grab a bit of lunch.
->
Thisis my favouriteoutsidearea. Hampstead Heathisanamazing park, and oneof the highest pointsin London. You can feed the ducksat the many pounds, explore someof the woods, relaxon the open fields, and geta great view of downtown London. After walkingaround the park you can stopin Hampstead and grabaspotof lunch.
/j/, /r/, /w/で単語をくっつけて発音する
Intrusive /j/ sound
これは、weare, theelephantsというようにくっつけて発音する
母音の音の間で発生する(a,i,u,e,oなどのアルファベットは関係なしに、母音の音)
We are seeing the animals today and
they are seeing the elephants.
->
We/j/are seeing the/j/animalstoday/j/and
they/j/are seeing the/j/elephants.
We are seeing the animals today and
they are seeing the elephants. I am really excited as I am a big fan of nature.
Hopefully it doesn't rain. We always get caught in the autumn weather.
Anyway I must go. Danny is waiting and boy is he impatient.
See you.
->
We/j/are seeing the/j/animalstoday/j/and
they/j/are seeing the/j/elephants.I/j/am really excited as I/j/am a big fan of nature.
Hopefully/j/it doesn't rain. We/j/always get caught in the/j/autumn weather.
Anyway/j/I must go. Danny/j/is waiting and boy/j/ishe/j/impatient.
See you.
Intrusive /j/ soundが発生する例
発生する
Grey umbrella
My uncle
これは母音の音の間なので発生する
発生しない
The university
Toy unicorn
Intrusive /r/ sound
下記の発音の時に割り込みのRが入る
The senator and police commissioner are discussing law and order.
->
The senator/r/and police commissioner/r/are discussing law/r/and order.
The senator and police commissioner are discussing law and order.
Media attention is high after the soccer all star team lost, and hooligans caused fire and damage in the city centre and the stadium. The mayor asked for calm after she saw a video of the trouble.
->
The senator/r/and police commissioner/r/are discussing law/r/and order.
Media/r/attention is high after the soccer/r/all star team lost, and hooligans caused fire/r/and damage in the city centre/r/and the stadium. The mayor/r/asked for calm after she saw/r/a video of the trouble.
Intrusive /w/ sound
単語の最後の母音と隣の単語の最初の母音で発生する
以下の発音で発生する
/uː/
/oU/
/aU/
If you want to eat, go into the mall and go up to the food court.
->
If you want to/w/eat, go/w/into the mall and go/w/up to the food court.
to eat - to/w/eat
tuwit
go into - go/w/into
gouwintu
If you want to eat, go into the mall and go up to the food court.
There is lots to eat. Delicious Chinese food from Zhao Eats, great fresh bread at Dough Italia, and there's a nice cafe called You and Me. Or, you can go around the mall. There's a fast food place you all know.
->
If you want to/w/eat, go/w/into the mall and go/w/up to the food court.
There is lots to/w/eat. Delicious Chinese food from Zhao/w/Eats, great fresh bread at Dough/w/Italia, and there's a nice cafe called You/w/and Me. Or, you can go/w/around the mall. There's a fast food place you/w/all know.
割り込みの/w/の例
Do/w/ it, a, all, an, as, each
Go/w/ over, under, in, up, out, around
How/w/ are, is, am, in, on, at
Elision of /t/ tの省略
代表的な例
tの次の音が子音の場合などに省略される
football -> fooball
Christmas -> Chrisman
Nightmare -> Nighmare
Westminster -> Wesminster
次の単語の始めが子音の場合も省略される
Can't go -> Can' go
Best food -> Bes food
Might do -> Migh do
Last night -> Las night
a: Where should I go next weekend?
b: I recommend the Chrstmas market.
a: The one in Westminster?
b: No, the one in West London.
a: Ah! I think I went last month. They have the best Christmas cake, don't they?
b: Yeah, I had eight slices!
a: Where should I go nex weekend?
b: I recommend the Chrsmas market.
a: The one in Wesminster?
b: No, the one in Wes London.
a: Ah! I think I wen las month. They have the bes Chrismas cake, don' they?
b: Yeah, I had eigh slices!
Elision of /d/ /d/の省略
代表的な例
単語が-ndで終わって、次の単語が子音で始まる
Rock and roll - Rock an roll
Stand back - Stan back
Weekend plans - Weeken plans
しかし、次の単語がhで始まる場合は省略されない
Find her - Finder
And his - Aniz
Elision of sounds
長い単語はelisionが発生する
Broccoli -> Broccli
Chocolate -> Choclate
Actually -> Actully
Actually, I like broccoli and chocolate.
-> Actully, I like broccli an choclate.
Family -> famly
Business -> busness
Diamonds -> dimonds
My family's business is diamonds
-> My famly's busness is dimonds.
Laboratory -> Labratory
Camera -> Camra
Different -> Diffrent
The laboratory camera is different.
-> The labratory camra is diffrent.
Every -> Evry
Opera -> Opra
Interesting -> Intresting
Every opera is interesting
-> Evry opra is intresting
Vegetable -> Vegtable
Generally -> Genrally
Lovely -> Lovly
The vegetables are generally lovely.
-> The vegtables are genrally lovly.
Evening -> Evning
Temperature -> Temprature
Comfortable -> comftable
The evening temperature is comfortable.
-> The evning temprature iscomftable.
several -> sevral
favourite -> favrite
beverages -> bevrages
I have several favourite beverages.
-> I have sevral favrite bevrages.
average -> avrage
coverage -> covrage
desperate -> desprate
The average coverage is desperate.
-> The avrage covrage is desprate.
Binomials: Fast & Furious
これは and, or でつないだ単語の事
Fast and furious
-> Fastan fruous
Bigger and better
-> Bigger/r/and better
High and low
-> Hign/j/and low
Fish and chips
-> Fisnan chips
Dead or alive
-> Dead /ə/alive
Rock and roll
-> Rock/ə/roll
I like movies like the Fast and Furious
-> I like movies like the Fastan Furious
I got a new job! Bigger and better things for me.
-> I got a new job! Bigger/r/an better thingsforme.
I've looked high and low. I can't find my keys.
-> I've looked high/j/an low. I can't fin my keys.
I have pins and needles in my legs.
-> I have pins/ə/an needles in my legs.
Elision of /h/
子音の音にHが続く場合、Hの省略が起こる
また、intrusive/r/, /w/, /j/の後にも発生する
Look at her.
I gave her a pen.
He's had enough.
I love his cooking.
->
Look ater.
I gaver a pen.
Hezad enough.
I loveis cooking.
a. Look at him?
b. Why? What's he doing?
a. I think he's going to knock her over.
b. I think he's been drinking.
a. Looks like he's had enough.
b. Let's help him!
->
a. Look atim?
b. Why? What'se doing?
a. I thinke's going to knock her over.
b. I thinke's been drinking.
a. Looks likee'sad enough.
b. Let'selp him!
You're his brother
Please show her
Be honest with me
->
You are/r/is brother
Please show/w/er
Be/j/onest with me
Assimilation of /t/ /t/の同化
同化とは似ている音が組み合わさった音になったり、別の音になること
/p/, /b/ /m/が続く場合、/t/の同化は起こる
White panda -> whipanda
won't bring -> wonbring
hot month -> homonth
The new white panda
He won't bring it
A slight pain
July is a hot month
->
The new whipanda
He wonbring it
A slighpain
July is a homonth
/k/, /g/が続く場合、/t/の同化は起こる
first game -> firsgame
get going -> gegoing
Is that clear?
The first game
The ticket collector
We should get going
->
Is thaclear?
The firsgame
The tickecollector
We should gegoing
Elision of sounds 2 音/音節の省略 2 - つながりのある音声
natural -> natral
library -> libry
history -> histry
I went to the natural history library.
-> I went to the natral histry libry.
Interedted -> Intrested
Catholic -> Cathlic
Theory -> Thery
I'm interested in Catholic theory.
-> I'm intrested in Cathlic thery.
Police -> plice
Principal -> princpal
General -> genral
There was a principal, a general, and a police officer
-> There was a princpal, a genral, and a plice officer
Literature -> Litrature
Geography -> Gography
Preferable -> prefrable
In my opinion, geography is more preferable to literature.
-> In my opinion, gography is more prefrable to litrature.
Basically -> Basiclly
Aspirin -> Asprin
Liberal -> Libral
Basically, take a liberal amount of aspirin.
-> Basiclly, take a libral amount of asprin.
Restaurant -> Restrant
Finalist -> Finlist
Cafeteria -> Cafteria
A restaurant and cafeteria were the finalists.
-> A restrant and cafteria were the finlists.
Dictionary -> Dictionry
Extraordinary -> Extrordinary
Practically -> Practiclly
I checked extraordinary and practically in the dictionary.
-> I checked extrordinary and practiclly in the dictionry.
Diaper -> Diper
Orange -> Ornge
Gasoline -> Gasline
Shopping? We need orange juice, diapers, and gasoline.
-> Shopping? We need ornge juice, dipers, and gasline.
Coalescence: /t/ & /j/ 2つの音の接続
tとjの音が組み合わさること
/t/ + /j/ = /ch/
I hate you -> I ha/tʃ/ou
I do. Don't you ->I do. Don'/tʃ/ou?
For eight years ->For eigh/tʃ/ears
a. What you doing? -> Wha/tʃ/ou doing?
b. Last year's taxes. -> Las/tʃ/ear's taxes.
a. Don't you need a break? ->Don/tʃ/ou need a break?
b. It's kind that you ask, but I need to finish. ->It's kind tha/tʃ/ou ask, but I need to finish.
a. Let me know if I can help, won't you? ->Leme know if I can help, won/tʃ/ou?
b. Ok
a. Actually, I'll get you a coffee. -> Actully, I'll ge/tʃ/ou a coffee.
Coalescence: /d/ & /j/ 2つの音の接続
dとjの音が組み合わさること
/d/ + /j/ = /j/
How could you? -> How coul/dʒ/ou?
You did your best -> You di/dʒ/our best
Wow, a red yacht -> Wow, a re/dʒ/acht
a. Did you win the boat race?
b. No, the red yacht won.
a. That's too bad.
b. It's the third year I've lost.
a. You shouldn't be too upset, should you?
You did your best.
b. I guess not. Could you help me clean up?
->
a. Di/dʒ/ou win the boat race?
b. No, the re/dʒ/acht won.
a. That's too bad.
b. It's the thir/dʒ/ear I've lost.
a. You shouldn't be too upset, shoul/dʒ/ou?
You di/dʒ/our best.
b. I guess not. Coul/dʒ/ou help me clean up?
Send you -> Sen/dʒ/ou
Lend you -> Len/dʒ/ou
Offend you -> Offen/dʒ/ou
Pretend you -> Preten/dʒ/ou
Feed you -> Fee/dʒ/ou
Hand you -> Han/dʒ/ou
Gemination or 'Twinning'
「単語の最後の音」と「次の単語の最初の音」が同じの場合、音が接続する
He looks sad -> He looksad
I like hot tea -> I like hotea
In the fish shop -> In the fishop
He's a calm man -> He's a calman
I like egg goulash -> I like eggoulash
I miss Sarah -> I misSarah
Take both things -> Take bothings
It's a live venue -> It's a livenue
Because I want to -> Because I wanto
My social life -> My socialife
It pays zero -> It payzero
a. He's so silly.
b. Who's so silly?
a. That boy. He's sitting in the back corner.
b. Who? Geoff Forest?
a. Not him. Let's look at the full list.
b. Here! Steve Victor not Geoff Forest.
a. Ah ok. Anyway, It's one now. Let's start.
->
a. He'so silly.
b. Who'so silly?
a. That boy. He'sitting in the backorner.
b. Who? Geoforest?
a. Not him. Let's look at the fullist.
b. Here! Steveictor not Geoforest.
a. Ah ok. Anyway, It's oneow. Let's start.
We eat dinner at 6 -> We/j/eat dinner at 6
More or less -> More/r/or less
Let's go over -> Let's go/w/over
Contractions: have haveを短縮して発音する
Contractionsとは,
it is -> it's
のような短縮形の事
could haveの短縮のプロセス
1) hのelisionの発生
I could ave
2) 子音と母音が連結
I could ave
3) haveのaは曖昧母音
could haveは could'veと発音される
I could have done it -> I could've done it
You should have helped -> You should've helped
It may have been -> It may've been
The boys have finished -> The boys've finished
4) これが更に省略される
could haveならcould'/ə/になる
I could have done it -> I could'ə done it
You should have helped -> You should'ə helped
It may have been -> It may'ə been
The boys have finished -> The boys'ə finished
a. Sorry, I should have called.
b. Eh? Should have called who?
a. You! I should have called you.
b. You should have called me? Why?
a. I should have called and said happy birthday.
b. No, it's next week. Don't worry.
a. Oops! I shouldn't have said sorry then.
->
a. Sorry, I should'ə called.
b. Eh? Should'ə called who?
a. You! I should'ə calle/j/ou.
b. You should'ə called me? Why?
a. I should'ə called n said happy birthday.
b. No, it's nex week. Don' worry.
a. Oops! I shouldn'tə said sorry then.
Weak forms: to
weak formsの単語は曖昧母音で発音される
~ to のtoは曖昧母音なので明確に発音される
メモ: 自分の経験上、曖昧母音など明確に発音されない単語は後ろの単語の一部として発音した方がいい。そっちのほうがElsa speakでも良い点が取れた
Give it to them -> Give it tothem
It's 10 to 2 -> It's 10 to2
So, do you want to go? -> So, do you want togo?
I have to try to do it -> I haveto try todo it
この動画でも、want to try と全ての単語を明確に発音せず、
want totry とつなげていた
Weak forms: can
長い文ではcanは弱く発音される
「キャン」というよりは「キン」と言ったほうが良い
Weak forms: from
これもfromは後ろの単語にくっつけて発音するくらいがいい
そっちのほうが強弱も自然だった
I got this from my brother -> I got this fromybrohter
It stars from 7 o'clock -> It stars from7 o'clock
I'm from the UK -> I'm fromthe UK
Where do you come from -> Where do you comefrom
Elision of schwa /ə/
Shoo! Go away! -> Shoo! Goway!
We occasionally do -> Weccasionally do
Let's try another -> Let's trynother
There's no exception -> There's noxception
schwa /ə/は子音の音が前に来たら弱く発音される
Gone away -> Goneəway
Have another -> Havənother
Did occasionally -> Didəccasionally
Some exception -> Someəxception
rやlが続いた場合曖昧母音は消える
police -> plice
terrific -> trrific
The police are here -> The plice are here
Collect the order at 6 -> Cllect the order at 6
Let's watch the parade -> Let's watch the prade
wow, terrific -> wow, trrific
Weak forms: of
kind of -> kində
sort of -> sortə
type of -> typeə
south of -> southə
曖昧母音なのでofはəと発音する
Linking & /h/ elision
We have plenty of time -> We have plenyə time
He's been sort of angry today -> He's been sortəvangry today
I live north of here -> I live northəvere
Elision of '-ed' endings
有声音の子音画続くなら ed は /d/で発音する
We cleaned the house -> We clean the house
He smiled kindly -> He smil kindly
I streamed Batman last night -> I stream Batman last night
無声音の子音が続くなら ed は /t/ で発音する
I love mashed potatoes -> I love mash potatoes
We missed the game last night -> We miss the game last night
He laughed so hard -> He laugh so hard
ed の後に母音が続くなら連結して発音する
They lived in London -> They livedin London
She danced all night -> She dancedall night
子音同士の連結
It's Wednesday -> It'sWednesday
I love fresh yoghurt -> I love freshyoghurt
The fridge was broken -> The fridgewas broken
The manager's young -> The manager'syoung
The luge winners are…. -> The lugewinners are….
Let's get the lunch you like -> Let's get the lunchyou like
a. Where's Wayne? Oh well. Let's wait.
b. He's usually on time. Hey, lunch was good.
a. Yeah, My sandwich was amazing. What did you get?
b. I had the fresh yogurt salad… Where IS Wayne?
a. I don't know. He's your friend ha ha.
b. Is that him in the beige winter coat? Yeah, that's Wayne.
a. I'll try not to whinge when he gets here. WAYNE.
->
a. Where'sWayne? Oh well. Let'swait.
b. He'susually/j/on time. Hey, lunchwas good.
a. Yeah, My sanwichwasamazing. Wha di/j/ou ge?
b. I/j/ad the freshyogur salad… Where/r/ISWayne?
a. I don't know. He's your friend ha ha.
b. Is tha himin the beigewinter coat? Yeah, that'sWayne.
a. I'll try not to whinge whene getsere. WAYNE.
Elision of /v/
should/could/would have の have は 曖昧母音 əになる
of も曖昧母音 əになる
Assimilation of /d/
/d/の後に/p/, /b/, /m/が続く場合、/d/が省略される
should publish -> shoulpublish
could be -> coulbe
cold month -> colmonth
/d/の後に/k/, /g/が続く場合、/d/が省略される
Podcast -> Pocast
Should go -> shoulgo
Delayed plosion
/b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, /k/などの破裂音が2つ重なる場合、2つ目の破裂音の前に少し止まること
Red dye -> Re//dye
Red eye -> Redeye
Arab bin -> Ara//bin
Arab in -> Arabin
Big gears -> Bi//gears
Big ears -> Bigears
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